Applied Dental Materials
Applied Dental Materials
Ninth Edition
John F. McCabe
BSc, PhD, DSc
Professor of Dental Materials Science
Newcastle University
Angus W.G. Walls
BDS, PhD, FDSRCS
Professor of Restorative Dentistry
Newcastle University
© 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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First published 1956. Second edition 1961. Third edition 1967. Fourth edition 1972. Fifth edition 1976. Sixth edition 1985. Seventh edition 1990. Eighth edition 1998.
Ninth edition published 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3961-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McCabe, J.F. (John F.)
Applied dental materials. – 9th ed. / J.F. McCabe, A.W.G. Walls. p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3961-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Dental materials. I. Walls, Angus. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Dental Materials. WU 190 M477a 2008]
RK652.5.A55 2008 617.6′95–dc22
2007044377
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Contents
Preface, viii
1Science of Dental Materials, 1
1.1 Introduction, 1; 1.2 Selection of dental materials, 1; 1.3 Evaluation of dental materials, 3
2Properties used to Characterise
Materials, 4
2.1 Introduction, 4; 2.2 Mechanical properties, 6; 2.3 Rheological properties, 18; 2.4 Thermal properties, 21; 2.5 Adhesion, 23;
2.6Miscellaneous physical properties, 26;
2.7Chemical properties, 27; 2.8 Biological properties, 30; 2.9 Suggested further reading, 31
3Gypsum Products for Dental Casts, 32
3.1 Introduction, 32; 3.2 Requirements of dental cast materials, 32; 3.3 Composition,
33; 3.4 Manipulation and setting characteristics, 33 3.5 Properties of the set material,
37; 3.6 Applications, 38; 3.7 Advantages and disadvantages, 38; 3.8 Suggested further reading, 39
7Gold and Alloys of Noble Metals, 62
7.1 Introduction, 62; 7.2 Pure gold fillings (cohesive gold), 62; 7.3 Traditional casting gold alloys, 63; 7.4 Hardening heat treatments
(theoretical considerations), 65; 7.5 Heat treatments (practical considerations),
67; 7.6 Alloys with noble metal content of at least 25% but less than 75%, 68; 7.7 Soldering and brazing materials for noble metals,
69; 7.8 Noble alloys for metal-bonded ceramic restorations, 70; 7.9 Biocompatibility,
70; 7.10 Suggested further reading, 70
8Base Metal Casting Alloys, 71
8.1 Introduction, 71; 8.2 Composition,
71; 8.3 Manipulation of base metal casting alloys, 72; 8.4 Properties, 73; 8.5 Comparison with casting gold alloys, 74; 8.6 Biocompatibility,
76; 8.7 Metals and alloys for implants, 77; 8.8 Suggested further reading, 79
9Casting, 80
9.1 Introduction, 80; 9.2 Investment mould, 80; 9.3 Casting machines, 81; 9.4 Faults in castings, 81; 9.5 Suggested further reading, 83
4Waxes, 40
4.1 Introduction, 40; 4.2 Requirements of waxpattern materials, 40; 4.3 Composition of waxes, 40; 4.4 Properties of dental waxes,
41; 4.5 Applications, 42; 4.6 Suggested further reading, 45
5Investments and Refractory Dies, 46
5.1 Introduction, 46; 5.2 Requirements of investments for alloy casting procedures,
46; |
5.3 |
Available materials, 47; |
5.4 Properties |
of investment materials, 49; 5.5 |
Applications, |
||
51; |
5.6 |
Suggested further reading, 52 |
|
6Metals and Alloys, 53
6.1 Introduction, 53; 6.2 Structure and properties of metals, 53; 6.3 Structure and properties of alloys, 56; 6.4 Cooling curves, 57; 6.5 Phase diagrams, 57; 6.6 Suggested further reading, 61
10 Steel and Wrought Alloys, 84
10.1 Introduction, 84; 10.2 Steel,
84; 10.3 Stainless steel, 85; 10.4 Stainless steel denture bases, 86; 10.5 Wires,
86; 10.6 Suggested further reading, 88
11Ceramics and Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM), 89
11.1 Introduction, 89; 11.2 Composition of
traditional dental porcelain, 89; |
11.3 Compaction |
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and firing, 90; |
11.4 |
Properties of porcelain, |
||
91; |
11.5 Alumina inserts and aluminous |
|||
porcelain, 92; |
11.6 Sintered alumina core |
|||
ceramics, 93; |
11.7 |
Injection moulded and pressed |
||
ceramics, 94; |
11.8 |
Cast glass and polycrystalline |
||
ceramics, 94; |
11.9 |
CAD-CAM restorations, |
||
95; |
11.10 Porcelain veneers, 97; |
11.11 Porcelain |
||
fused to metal (PFM), 97; 11.12 Capillary |
||||
technology, 100; 11.13 Bonded platinum foil, |
||||
100; |
11.14 Suggested further reading, 100 |
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v
vi Contents
12Synthetic Polymers, 101
12.1Introduction, 101; 12.2 Polymerisation, 101; 12.3 Physical changes occurring during polymerisation, 105; 12.4 Structure and properties, 107; 12.5 Methods of fabricating polymers, 109; 12.6 Suggested further reading, 109
13Denture Base Polymers, 110
13.1Introduction, 110; 13.2 Requirements of
denture base polymers, 110; 13.3 Acrylic denture
base materials, 112; |
13.4 Modified acrylic |
materials, 121; 13.5 |
Alternative polymers, |
123; 13.6 Suggested further reading, 123
14Denture Lining Materials, 124
14.1Introduction, 124; 14.2 Hard reline materials, 124; 14.3 Tissue conditioners, 126; 14.4 Temporary soft lining materials, 128; 14.5 Permanent soft lining materials, 128; 14.6 Self-administered relining materials, 132; 14.7 Suggested further reading, 132
15Artificial Teeth, 133
15.1Introduction, 133; 15.2 Requirements, 133; 15.3 Available materials,
133; 15.4 Properties, 133; 15.5 Suggested further reading, 135
16Impression Materials: Classification and Requirements, 136
16.1Introduction, 136; 16.2 Classification of impression materials, 136; 16.3 Requirements, 137; 16.4 Clinical considerations,
142; 16.5 Suggested further reading, 146
17Non-elastic Impression Materials, 147
17.1Introduction, 147; 17.2. Impression plaster, 147; 17.3 Impression compound,
148; 17.4 Impression waxes, 151; 17.5 Zinc oxide/eugenol impression pastes, 151
18Elastic Impression Materials: Hydrocolloids, 154
18.1Introduction, 154; 18.2 Reversible hydrocolloids (agar), 154; 18.3 Irreversible hydrocolloids (alginates), 158; 18.4 Combined reversible/irreversible techniques,
161; 18.5 Modified alginates,
161; 18.6 Suggested further reading, 162
19Elastic Impression Materials: Synthetic Elastomers, 163
19.1Introduction, 163; 19.2 Polysulphides,
163; |
19.3 |
Silicone rubbers (condensation curing), |
167; |
19.4 |
Silicone rubbers (addition curing), |
168; |
19.5 |
Polyethers, 172; 19.6 Comparison of |
the properties of elastomers, 175; 19.7 Suggested further reading, 177
20 Requirements of Direct Filling Materials and Historical Perspectives, 178
20.1 Introduction, 178; 20.2 Appearance, 178; 20.3 Rheological properties and setting characteristics, 178; 20.4 Chemical properties, 179; 20.5 Thermal properties,
179; 20.6 Mechanical properties,
179; 20.7 Adhesion, 179; 20.8 Biological properties, 179; 20.9 Historical, 180
21Dental Amalgam, 181
21.1Introduction, 181; 21.2 Composition, 181; 21.3 Setting reactions,
183; 21.4 Properties, 184; 21.5 Clinical handling notes for dental amalgam,
189; 21.6 Manipulative variables,
191; 21.7 Suggested further reading, 194
22Resin-based Filling Materials, 195
22.1Introduction, 195; 22.2 Acrylic resins, 195; 22.3 Composite materials – introduction, 196; 22.4 Classification and composition of composites, 197; 22.5 Properties of composites, 202; 22.6 Fibre reinforcement of composite structures, 213; 22.7 Clinical handling notes for
composites, 216; 22.8 Applications of composites 223; 22.9 Suggested further reading, 224
23Adhesive Restorative Materials: Bonding of Resin-based Materials, 225
23.1Introduction, 225; 23.2 Acid-etch systems
for bonding to enamel, 225; |
23.3 Applications of |
the acid-etch technique, 227; |
23.4 Bonding to |
dentine – background, 229; |
23.5 Dentine |
conditioning – the smear layer, 233; 23.6 Priming and bonding, 234; 23.7 Current concepts in dentine bonding – the hybrid layer,
236; 23.8 Classification of dentine bonding systems, 237; 23.9 Bonding to alloys, amalgam and ceramics, 238; 23.10 Bond strength and leakage measurements, 240; 23.11 Polymerizable luting agents, 242; 23.12 Suggested further reading, 244
24 Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials
(Polyalkenoates), 245
24.1 |
Introduction, 245; 24.2 Composition, |
|||
245; |
24.3 |
Setting reaction, 247; |
24.4 Properties, |
|
248; |
24.5 |
Cermets, 252; |
24.6 Applications and |
|
clinical handling notes, 252; |
24.7 |
Suggested |
||
further reading, 256 |
|
|
||
25Resin-modified Glass Ionomers and Related Materials, 257
25.1 Introduction, 257; 25.2 Composition and classification, 257; 25.3 Setting characteristics, 260; 25.4 Dimensional change and dimensional stability, 261; 25.5 Mechanical properties, 262; 25.6 Adhesive characteristics,
262; 25.7 Fluoride release, 263; 25.8 Clinical handling notes, 264; 25.9 Suggested further reading, 264
Contents vii
26Temporary Crown and Bridge Resins, 265
26.1Introduction, 265; 26.2 Requirements, 265; 26.3 Available materials,
265; 26.4 Properties, 266
27Requirements of Dental Cements for Lining, Base and Luting Applications, 267
27.1Introduction, 267; 27.2 Requirements of
cavity lining materials, 267; |
27.3 Requirements of |
luting materials, 270; 27.4 Requirements of |
|
endodontic cements, 271; |
27.5 Requirements of |
orthodontic cements, 272; |
27.6 Suggested further |
reading, 272 |
|
28Cements Based on Phosphoric Acid, 273
28.1Introduction, 273; 28.2 Zinc phosphate cements, 273; 28.3 Silicophosphate cements, 277; 28.4 Copper cements, 277; 28.5 Suggested further reading, 277
29Cements Based on Organometallic Chelate Compounds, 278
29.1Introduction, 278; 29.2 Zinc oxide/eugenol cements, 278; 29.3 Ortho-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) cements, 280; 29.4 Calcium hydroxide cements, 280; 29.5 Suggested further reading, 283
30Polycarboxylates, Glass Ionomers and Resin-modified Glass Ionomers for Luting and Lining, 284
30.1Introduction, 284; 30.2 Polycarboxylate cements, 284; 30.3 Glass ionomer cements, 285; 30.4 Resin-modified glass ionomers and
compomers, 286; 30.5 Suggested further reading, 288
31Endodontic Materials, 289
31.1Introduction, 289; 31.2 Irrigants and lubricants, 289; 31.3 Intra-canal medicaments, 290; 31.4 Endodontic obturation materials, 291; 31.5 Historical materials,
291; 31.6 Contemporary materials, 292; 31.7 Clinical handling, 294;
31.8Suggested further reading, 296
Appendix 1, 297
Index, 299
Preface
In producing this ninth edition of Applied Dental Materials we have updated the text in both content and appearance. We hope that the book will remain helpful to students and teachers of the science of dental materials alike by remaining true to the core principles and developing them into a more comprehensive text which covers a wide spectrum of materials falling within the scope of ‘dental materials’. Hence, there are more references to practical issues like handling and clinical performance of materials, whilst maintaining a strong link to quality issues encompassed within
newly developed ISO standards. Some areas, such as adhesion, ceramics, light activation technology, CAD-CAM have been developed and expanded significantly from the eighth edition, reflecting significant changes or developments in these areas. There is a new chapter on endodontic materials. All areas have benefited from a fresh approach to the use of drawings and photographs including the use of colour for the first time.
John McCabe
Angus Walls
viii