Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

7.The impurity of the sample prevented the scientist from obtaining accurate results.

8.His research resulted in establishing a new principle.

9.The success of the space research program resulted from combining the achievements of science and technology.

10.They objected to carrying out this useless experiment.

11.Do you mind changing this?

12.Avoid mixing these substances.

13.Give up smoking.

14.Scientists are interested in studying this phenomenon.

15.He is fond of reading.

16.Conductors are materials capable of conducting electricity.

17.This group of engineers is responsible for modernizing the lab equipment.

18.I can’t help regretting it.

19.It is always worth while asking a question though it is not always worth while answering one. (Oscar Wilde)

20.The fact is worth mentioning.

21.It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

22.It is no good speaking to him.

Exercise 3. Translate according to the pattern.

It is worth while thinking.

Стоит подумать.

1.Стоит упомянуть факт.

2.Стоит провести эксперимент.

3.Стоит поговорить с ним.

4.Стоит обсудить эту проблему.

The film is worth seeing.

Фильм стоит посмотреть.

1.Статью стоит прочитать.

2.План стоит изменить.

3.Данные стоит проанализировать.

4.Жизнь стоит прожить.

5.Знания стоит приобретать.

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It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

Бесполезно плакать над разлитым молоком.

1.Бесполезно обсуждать это.

2.Бесполезно спрашивать его.

3.Бесполезно проверять результаты.

4.Бесполезно применять этот метод. It is no good repeating the experiment.

Бесполезно повторять эксперимент.

1.Бесполезно увеличивать температуру.

2.Бесполезно проверять этот прибор.

3.Бесполезно писать ему.

4.Бесполезно работать над этой проблемой.

I cannot help regretting it. = I can’t help regretting it.

Не могу не сожалеть об этом.

1.Не могу не думать об этом.

2.Не могу не читать английские книги.

3.Не могу не поговорить с вами.

4.Я не мог не улыбнуться.

Compare:

1.Не могу не прийти.

2.Не мог прийти.

VI. He succeeded in discovering a new phenomenon.

Ему удалось открыть новое явление.

1.Нам удалось решить задачу.

2.Нам удалось достать книгу.

3.Ему удалось получить точные данные.

4.Ученому удалось подтвердить гипотезу.

5.Им не удалось провести эксперимент.

6.Им не удалось завершить работу.

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian using Lexical Notes.

1.Ученыестремятсяиспользоватьатомнуюэнергиюдлямира.

2.Мы интересуемся экспериментированием.

3.Физикам удалось достичь замечательных результатов.

4.Их работа привела к созданию полезного устройства.

5.Эта реакция привела к образованию нового вещества.

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6.Я настаиваю на том, чтобы вы проверили результаты.

7.Я полагаюсь на то, что вы сделаете работу вовремя.

8.Статью стоит прочитать.

9.Бесполезно обсуждать это.

10.Бесполезно плакать над разлитым молоком.

11.Я не могу не думать об этом.

12.Я не могу не сожалеть об этом.

13.Само собой разумеется.

The point is that Americans have a reputation for being global illiterates; only one in ten can speak another language. This doesn’t prevent millions of American tourists, businessmen, diplomats and journalists from visiting and working in nearly every country in the world. Americans simply expect everyone else to know their language.

It may be interesting to know:

1.Alchemists aimed at transmuting other substances into gold. In our age the alchemists’ old dream of making gold out of other metals has been proved possible. In 1941 gold was made by disintegrating mercury. The gold, however, was found to be unstable, as so much ill-gotten wealth is!

2.Thomas Edison “failed” over 10,000 times before producing a working light bulb. When asked how he could persist after 9,999 failures, he replied simply: “I did not fail 9,999 times. I succeeded 9,999 times in learning how not to make a light bulb”.

Exercise 5. Translate. Concentrate on the gerund.

1.Combining heating plants and electricity plants is an attractive approach.

2.Pure science aims at understanding the laws of the material world.

3.Safety systems in an NPP are aimed at preventing accidents.

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4.A chemist is interested in constructing adequate models of atomic and molecular structures.

5.The scientist insisted on using a new approach to interpret the re-

sults.

6.They insisted on developing an adequate model.

7.Rutherford succeeded in transmuting the elements, that is, in achieving the alchemists' dream.

8.Fermi succeeded in creating the artificial isotope of U239 by bombarding U238 with neutrons.

9.At the beginning of the century scientists succeeded in breaking up the nucleus of the atom.

10.The flow of electrons in one direction results in producing an electric current.

11.The burning of fossil fuels results in polluting the environment.

12.The efficiency of the process resulted in increasing the yield.

13.His research resulted in establishing a new mechanism of the process.

14.These data resulted from comparing the experiments.

15.You cannot avoid being exposed to background radiation.

16.An adequate theory prevents many useless experiments from being made.

17.In the PWR the high pressure is necessary to prevent the coolant from boiling.

18.Although the atmosphere is very important to us, it also prevents us from finding out many things about the Universe.

19.Every effort was made to prevent the thermal neutrons from being absorbed.

20.Unstable nuclei aim at achieving stability by emitting some form of radiation.

21.The advent of robots aids in freeing man from monotonous and dangerous work.

22.Nanotechnologies are capable of changing the world radically.

23.Only time is capable of reducing the radioactivity of the wastes.

24.Fast reactors are capable of burning actinides, that is, high-level wastes.

25.Fertile materials are capable of becoming fissile by capturing a neutron.

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26.This team is responsible for providing information on the sub-

ject.

27.In addition to depending upon the acceleration the force also depends on the mass of the object.

28.Besides destroying the fuel these reactions also use up neutrons necessary for maintaining the chain reaction.

29.Today, besides providing electricity, some special nuclear reactors produce nuclear isotopes for medical and industrial use.

СЛОЖНЫЙ ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЙ ОБОРОТ

GERUNDIAL COMPLEX

Everybody knows of Popov’s having invented the radio.

Все знают (тот факт), что Попов изобрел радио.

Everybody knows of his having made an important invention.

Все знают (тот факт), что он сделал важное изобретение.

Everybody knows of the scientist having made an important invention.

Все знают (тот факт), что ученый сделал важное изобретение.

Exercise 6. Translate concentrating on Gerundial Complex.

A.

1.Mme Curie’s having discovered radium enabled her to isolate other radioactive elements.

2.Her having made this discovery interested everyone.

3.Lodygin’s having produced the first incandescent lamp is a generally recognized fact.

4.Mendeleyev’s having established the Periodic Law has made his name world-known.

5.Einstein’s being awarded the Nobel Prize in physics soon became widely known.

6.Plank’s having formulated the quantum theory is a well-known fact.

7.His working in this field of science was mentioned at the conference.

8.Their having revealed three different kinds of rays proved to be an important step in the field of nuclear physics.

9.Transistors being very sensitive to light is a well-known fact.

10.Neutrons being absorbed reduces the reactor’s ability to breed.

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11.Science having made considerable progress during the past years has greatly changed our ideas about the world.

12.In a nuclear reactor the last thing you want is all your atoms splitting at once.

B.

1.Before the Revolution few people knew of Tsiolkovsky’s working at the problem of space flights.

2.Everybody knows of Roentgen’s having discovered X-rays.

3.We know of his having made the discovery quite by chance.

4.We know of copper and silver being good conductors of electricity.

5.We know of objects being electrified by friction.

6.We heard of the physicists having identified these particles as

helium nuclei.

7.I heard of such radiations having been observed in cloud chambers.

8.We know of the atomic reactor being fuelled with Uranium235.

9.They spoke of their testing these particular materials.

10.The engineer insisted on these devices being installed.

11.They are responsible for the work being completed on time.

12.Mankind is interested in nuclear energy being used only for peace.

13.I object to your taking part in the work.

14.The results of the experiment depended upon his applying the

proper technique.

15.The safety of a NPP depends on its various safety systems becoming operative on time.

16.The reaction will result in a new substance being formed.

17.This process will result in a reaction taking place between the substances.

18.The efficiency of the process results in the surface atoms being in a high-energy state.

19.Events of unknown nature within the nucleus of radium often re-

sult in the nucleus being decomposed.

20.Most safety systems in a NPP are aimed at preventing radiation from escaping into the environment.

21.The difference between the two values probably accounts for the measured sensitivity being higher than that predicted by theory

C.

1.The possibility of there being life on Mars is very doubtful.

2.It is believed that there is hardly any chance of there being a mistake in these calculations.

3.The scientist obtained new evidence of his hypothesis being correct.

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4.According to Newton’s second law the motion of a body is changed as a result of its being acted upon by a force.

5.The process of isotopes emitting rays or particles to become more stable is called radioactive decay.

6.There should be no risk of a reactor getting out of control.

7.The probability of a U235 atom capturing a neutron, as it passes by, is high.

D.

1.The story of radioactivity begins with Henry Becquerel’s having reported his discovery of rays of unknown nature.

2.It is believed that every research begins with a scientist stating the problem.

3.Some problems can be solved only by the world scientists joining their efforts.

4.Besides its being a common word the word “work” is also a scientific term when used in mechanics.

5.Besides its releasing tremendous amounts of energy the phenomenon termed fission produces 2 or 3 fresh neutrons.

6.Because of its being applied in different branches of modern industry electronics is growing in importance from day to day.

7.After complicated calculations having been made, Russian scientists succeeded in creating space satellites.

8.In spite of their having been compressed, gases return to their original volume, as soon as the applied force has stopped acting.

9.Can matter change from one state into another without the temperature or pressure changing?

ING-FORMS

Compare the Gerund and the Participle as Adverbial Modifiers

Pattern:

3.Calculating the orbit of the satellite is performed by computers. Calculating the orbit of the satellite one must use computers.

4.Using nuclear fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. Using nuclear fuel for the production of electricity we save a lot of valuable minerals.

5.Burning uranium takes place slowly under these conditions. Burning uranium we obtain tremendous energy. The burning uranium produces a tremendous amount of heat.

6.Increasing pressure we decrease the gas volume. Increasing pressure leads to the decrease of gas volume. The increasing pressure was measured with great precision.

7.Recognizing a problem the scientist makes the first step to its solution. Recognizing a problem is the first step to its solution.

8.Learning a foreign language is, in fact, learning another way of thinking as well. Learning a foreign language you learn another way of thinking as well.

9.Testing the device should be done under normal conditions. While testing the device they found some serious defects.

10.Smashing two objects together is merely a means of breaking them into their component parts. Smashing two objects together we break them into their component parts.

11.Having separated deuterium scientists found out that it was the only isotope that could be separated. Having been separated, deuterium, the stable isotope of hydrogen, was collected in limited quantities.

12.Having calculated the size of the earth Newton established the true distance to the moon. Newton’s having calculated the true distance to the moon proved the validity of his theory.

13.Solving the problem means answering all the questions connected with the problem.

14.Subtracting the vapour pressure at the existing temperature gives the initial gas pressure.

15.Substituting this value in our equation, we get the following formula.

16.Interpreting the results of a physics experiment requires a statistically significant sample of events.

17.Revolving around its axis the Earth also revolves around the Sun. Revolving around the nucleus are electrons sufficient in number so that their total negative charge is equal to the positive charge on the nucleus.

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