Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

27.We want this phenomenon to be properly understood.

28.We watched the temperature rise.

29.Can you see the volume decrease?

30.Nobody observed this value decrease.

31.We observe the volume of a given mass of a gas decrease as the temperature decreases.

32.If one allows the air to expand, it will cool.

33.The operators allowed the metal to cool.

34.The pressure enables the temperature to rise.

35.Mathematical models allow scientists to predict the results.

36.This procedure enables us to investigate the interaction of matter with protons, deutrons and neutrons.

37.Radio astronomy enables us to observe the state of the universe at distances very much greater than optical astronomy can reach.

38.Control rods allow operators to regulate the rate of the chain reaction.

Exercise 11. Translate. Pay attention to the passive infinitive after the verbs “to allow”, “to permit”, “to enable”.

1. The device permits some new calculations to be made. 2. The use of this technique permits more accurate calculations to be performed. 3. The microscope enables very small objects to be examined in detail. 4. Mendeleyev’s Table enabled some unknown elements to be predicted. 5. The device allows the current to be measured accurately. 6. The battery will allow an EMF to be induced in the circuit. 7. Fission allows nuclear energy to be extracted from uranium. 8. Recycling allows natural resources to be conserved. 9. The International Thermonuclear Reactor will enable the fusion process to be controlled.

Exercise 12. Pay attention to the verbs “to make”, “to cause», to force” + Infinitive.

1. To make the machine work... 2. To make charges flow... 3. What makes the motor run? 4. What makes the current flow in the circuit?

5.The difference of potential causes the current to flow in the circuit.

6.This force makes electrons move. 7. What force makes any vegetation grow? – The answer is clear: sunlight! 8. Fusion power makes the sun shine. 9. Neutrons can make uranium nuclei split. 10. The heat produced by fission makes the water boil. 11. Research and development is

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needed to make this scheme work. 12. To make particles accelerate we apply strong magnetic fields. 13. What force causes atoms to combine to form compounds? 14. The excessive load caused the machine to fail. 15. The effect produced caused changes in the properties of this substance. 16. He made the world speak about him. 17. Globalization makes everybody learn English as “franca lingua”. 18. This example should make you wonder... 19. To make both ends meet – сводить концы с концами. 20. It makes my mouth water. – У меня текут слюнки. 21. The last drop makes the cup run over. – Последняя капля переполняет чашу терпения. 22. It would make even a cat laugh. – Курам насмех. 23. You can lead the horse to the water but you cannot make him drink.

Exercise 13. Translate. Pay attention to the Complex Object.

1. Physicists consider the magnetic forces to be due to forces between currents. 2. We have thought the above law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions. 3. We can expect acceleration to be different for different weights but this is not the case. 4. He believed this particular technique to be quite different from conventional methods and much simpler in design. 5. We expect a resonance effect to operate under certain conditions. 6. One cannot expect the complicated problem of using solar energy to be solved in a year or two. 7. In his theory of light Newton assumed light to be made up of many small particles called corpuscles moving at high speeds. 8. The story says that while Newton was sitting in the garden, he saw an apple fall from a tree. What caused the apple to fall? 9. Newton’s secretary says that he never saw Isaac Newton laugh when he worked on his “Principia”. 10. The magnetic field controls the movement of the particles and makes them travel along a single track. 11. It is quite possible to make the reactor produce more fuel than it consumes. 12. Scientists make particles accelerate by applying strong magnetic fields. 13. The statement of the problem is a list of instructions which make the system perform the appropriate manipulations of the data it has been given. 14. Delayed neutrons enable the reactor to be controlled. 17. The most attractive feature of any science is that it enables us to shape the world. 18. Artificial Intelligence is the science that studies how to make machines act intelligently. 19. To make a simple A-bomb, you need a critical mass of enriched U235 and the technology to make it work.

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Enjoy: You Should Know Foreign Languages

Once upon a time there was a mouse in a mouse hole. One day it sat up and listened attentively and as it did so it heard someone bark. – Now, thought the mouse – that’ll be a dog. I might as well go out. I don’t think dogs eat mice. The mouse went out. However, the moment it did so, a cat jumped on it and ate it (for it was a cat that had barked). Presently the cat felt its mouth water as it thought about the delicious morsel (кусочек) and said to itself.

-There is no doubt that it is worth while learning foreign languages.

Familiar Quotations: Sir Winston Churchill said, “I would make them all learn English, then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an Honour and Greek as a Treat.”

COMPLEX SUBJECT

Pattern I

Сказуемое в страдательном залоге

This student is supposed to work hard.

Полагают, что этот студент много работает. Этот студент, как полагают, много работает.

Learn the verbs associated with Complex Subject

e.g.

1. When a body changes its position, it is said to be in motion.

Когда тело меняет свое положение, говорят, что оно находится в движении.

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2.These phenomena are considered to be of common origin.

Считают, что эти явления имеют общее происхождение.

3.The method is believed to have given good results.

Этот метод, как считают, дал хорошие результаты.

Pattern II

Сказуемое в действительном залоге

This student seems to work hard.

Этот студент, кажется, много работает. Кажется, этот студент много работает.

Learn the verbs

to seem, to appear – казаться

to prove, to turn out, to happen – оказываться

e.g.

1. This device appears to differ from the old ones.

По-видимому, этот прибор отличаетсяотстарыхприборов. 2. There seems to be little doubt about the reliability of these results.

Кажется, нет сомнений в надежности этих результатов.

Note: Pay attention to the different meanings of the verbs “appear”, “prove”, “turn out”

1.This information appeared in the “Physical Review” in 1981. The experimenter appears to have presented very interesting data.

2.He proved that this phenomenon can occur high above the earth. The movement of the current proves to be uniform in all parts of the circuit.

3.This plant turns out high-quality machines.

4.These predictions turned out to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

Pattern III

Составное именное сказуемое

He is sure to work hard.

Он, определенно, много работает.

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Learn the following

to be likely – вероятно

to be unlikely – маловероятно

to be sure – несомненно, конечно to be certain – несомненно, конечно

e.g.

1.The temperature is likely to be the same.

Температура, по-видимому, будет одинакова.

2.This aim is unlikely to be achieved.

Эта цель вряд ли будет достигнута.

3.He seems to know this rule.

Кажется, он знает это правило.

Exercise 14. Translate. Pay attention to Complex Subject.

1. Science is known to affect the life of people. 2. All bodies are known to absorb waves from other bodies. 3. Cosmic rays are assumed to consist of photons coming from interstellar space. 4. These forces are supposed to act on the body. 5. Thousands of years ago all matter was supposed to be made up of particles called atoms. 6. The atom was thought to be indivisible. 7. Heat was thought to be a substance. 8. Every new technology was thought to be full of dangers. 9. Electrons are believed to be particles of negative electricity. 10. Neutrons are believed to be a combination of a proton and an electron. 11. The students are expected to take this phenomenon into account. 12. The atomic number is found to correspond to the charge of the atom nucleus. 13. This phenomenon was found to be due to the lowering of temperature. 14. Two balls with unlike charges will be found to attract each other. 15. We are said to live in the age of atom. 16. A hydrogen molecule is said to take part in about 10 billion collisions a second. 17. The best conducting metals are reported to be silver, copper, gold and aluminium. 18. Some factors have been reported to affect the purity of glass. 19. The difference between one element and the other was proved to be in the structure of the atom. 20. He seems to know this theory. 21. The electron seems to have no internal structure. 22. This value appears to vary. 23. This fuel appears to have great irradiation stability. 24. This method proved to be useful. 25. This substance was proved to be very valuable. 26. Nuclear power has proved to be a reliable source of energy. 27. The substance was proved to possess the property in question. 28. The main

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difficulty turns out to be the determination of the compounds. 29. He happened to observe this phenomenon. 30. He happens to work at the same problem. 31. Inventions seem to appear at times when people need them. 32. Science seems to find a logical explanation of the existence of God. 33. This definition is likely to simplify the calculations. 34. This law is sure to hold for that case. 35. The experiment is certain to be a success. 36. The law is unlikely to account for this phenomenon. 37. A nucleus is more likely to be unstable if it is a heavy one. 38. Thermal neutrons in the reactor are more likely to cause fission than fast ones. 39. Hydrogen fuel is certain to be the fuel of the future. 40. Innovations are likely to change the energy production systems.

Exercise 15. Translate. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive.

1. This scientist is supposed (to develop, to be developing, to have developed) a new method. 2. The results are known to be widely used. The results are known to have been used. 3. The properties of the elements are found to change. The properties of the elements are found to have changed. 4. These elements are believed to have been found two decades ago. 5. They are believed to derive a new formula. 6. The results are believed to have been derived from numerous experiments. 7. This method appears to have given good results. 8. This device seems to have been in operation for a long time. 9. They are certain to have studied all the properties of the element. 10. Mars is likely to have lost most of its atmosphere. 11. This method is known to have been used as far back as the 17th century.

Exercise 16. Translate into Russian.

Заметьте, что при переводе следующих предложений отрицание переходит на сказуемое придаточных предложений.

Example:

The experiment does not seem to give the results supporting the view.

Этот эксперимент, по-видимому, не дает результатов, подтверждающих эту точку зрения.

1. The student does not appear to know this formula. 2. This pattern does not appear to satisfy us. 3. This phenomenon does not appear to attract attention. 4. He does not appear to use this device. 5. The experiment did not appear to give the results desired. 6. There does not seem to be any relationship between these values. 7. There does not seem to be any difficulty in calculating these results. 8. This substance does not seem to

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be an element. 9. The device does not seem to improve the operation considerably. 10. The temperature was unlikely to fall. 11. This method is unlikely to be of use in their experiment. 12. This reaction is not likely to start at lower temperatures. 13. The reaction does not always prove to begin at this temperature. 14. The structure did not prove to change under such conditions. 15. The method did not prove to be of help to us. 16. Nobody has been known to be killed by a nuclear power plant.

Exercise 17. Translate. Compare the meanings of the verb “to prove”.

A.

1.We proved this substance to be very dense.

2.This substance was proved to be very dense.

3.The substance proved to be very dense.

4.The experiment proved the particles to collide with great force.

5.The particles were proved to collide with great force.

6.The particles proved to collide with great force.

7.For years scientists could not prove this element to occur naturally.

8.For years this element was not proved to occur naturally.

9.This element did not prove to occur naturally.

B.Translate into English.

1.Доказано, что водород являОказалось, что водород явля-

4.Доказано, что газы менее Оказалось, что газы менее плотплотны, чемтвердыевещества. ны, чемтвердыевещества.

5.Доказано, что соединение соОказалось, что соединение состоитизодинаковыхмолекул. стоитизодинаковыхмолекул.

Exercise 18. Translate paying attention to Complex Subject.

1. Resources of fossil fuels are known to be limited. 2. This model is expected to yield valuable information about the nature of matter. 3. In the liquid drop model the protons and neutrons are considered to be packed together like the molecules in a drop of water. 4. In operation nuclear plants

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are considered to be as reliable as fossil-fuelled plants. 5. These predictions were proved to be in good agreement with the experimental results obtained. 6. The assumptions have proved to be in complete agreement with the measurements. 7. Such deviations are expected because gamma-rays are known to interact with nucleons. 8. This approximation seems to work reasonably well for calculating the scattering crosssections. 9. This general solution appears to have a simple explicit form. 10. There appears to be a great difference between the substances under investigation. 11. There does not appear to be an agreement between the results obtained in these labs. 12. The reaction occurs if a particle happens to accumulate sufficient energy. 13. The time required for a computer to solve a problem is likely to be measured in seconds. 14. They are likely to find the relationship between these forms of oscillation. 15. As far as liquids are concerned, this law is certain to hold. 16. In so far as this property is concerned, this substance is sure to be a striking exception. 17. In this case the atom may be expected to radiate energy. 18. The “accident precursor” is said to be an event leading to a nuclear accident.

19.In an open fuel cycle uranium is known to be burnt once in a reactor.

20.In contrast, a closed cycle is expected to involve recycling all the transuranics. 21. Nuclear power plants are likely to have huge decommissioning costs. 22. The complicated problem of using solar energy cannot be expected to be solved in a year or two. 23. This method is not believed to offer any advantages. 24. There does not seem to be any essential connection between these two facts. 25. This element was isolated and was found to possess the properties required. 26. This theory was discussed and found to agree with the experimental results. 27. This method was considered by the author to be inaccurate. 28. This substance may be easily demonstrated to be a compound. 29. The probability of a reactor accident was predicted by Rasmussen to be once in 1000 reactor-years of operation. 30. Until quite recently the interaction of photons with matter was believed to be entirely electromagnetic, that is, it appeared to involve only the electric charges and magnetic fields of the target particles and did not seem to involve their possible strong interactions.

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Brother: Are you really going to marry that young man Jones? He is said to be kind and very clever. But isn’t he a bit strange? At any rate, he is unlike other young men.

Sister: I am going to marry Jones, and I don’t find anything strange about him. And then if he is indeed unlike other young men, he is likely to make a very good husband.

Exercise 19. Transform the sentences using Complex Subject.

1.Semiconductors find wide application in industry (to know).

2.They found their way into every branch of modern industry and science (to appear).

3.They form the heart of nearly all electronic computers (to be sure).

4.They make television possible (to know).

5.They detect radio signals and generate those same signals (to seem).

6.Semiconductors have one strange property (to happen).

7.A semiconductor diode is a one-way street for electric currents (to say).

8.The current flows freely in one direction and is almost blocked in the other (to consider).

9.What are semiconductors (to suppose)?

10.Some materials conduct electrons easily (to find).

11.They are conductors (to know).

12.In other materials electrons move only with great difficulty (to seem).

13.These substances are insulators (to know).

14.Semiconductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators (to assume).

15.Some semiconductors are widely used in electronics (to be certain).

16.The semiconductor diode has travelled a long way since its original discovery (to appear).

17.Semiconductors will find wide application in all fields of science and industry (to expect).

Exercise 20.

Инфинитив + причастие II от глаголов типа “to assume”, “to believe”, “to suppose”, а также со словами “likely, sure” переводятся определительным предложением.

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