Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

Patterns

The changes supposed to take place in this reaction are illustrated in Fig.1.

Изменения, которые, как полагают, имеют место в этой реакции, показаны на рис. 1.

The device likely to give the required results has been designed.

Созданприбор, который, вероятно, дастнеобходимыерезультаты.

Translate into Russian:

1. The device known to be used is … 2. A substance thought to possess this property was … 3. Liquids found to dissolve this substance are … 4. The changes assumed to take place are… 5. This problem reported to be solved is … 6. The phenomenon expected to be investigated is … 7. The method assumed to be applied in the experiment is … 8. The ionization expected to exist is … 9. Radar known to be used to locate different objects is … 10. A substance known to possess these properties is called an acid. 11. Here is an apparatus likely to give good results. 12. Weak lines thought to be caused by copper can be seen. 13. Substances thought to possess the property in question were investigated. 14. The changes supposed to take place in this reaction are illustrated in Fig. 1. 15. The method found to improve the results was developed by our worker. 16. The results reported to have been obtained lately are of great importance. 17. The substance thought to possess the property of radioactivity was separated with the help of this equipment.

FORCONSTRUCTION

Pattern

For the reaction to take place two conditions must be met.

Чтобыпроизошлареакция, необходимовыполнитьдваусловия.

The For-construction can have different functions in the sentence. In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used.

Exercise 21. Translate into Russian paying attention to For – Construction.

1. For the molecules to react … 2. For a thermonuclear reaction to take place … 3. For ions to be formed … 4. For power to be generated … 5. For the device to operate … 6. Eight minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. 7. Much experimental work is required for this phenomenon to be accounted for. 8. Nowadays it is not enough for a scientist to know only one foreign language, he or she must know at least two foreign languages, English being one of them. 9. It is possible for elements to combine in different proportions, but when they do so, different substances are produced. 10. The tendency is for the molecule to become excited. 11. The tendency is for the curves of Fig. 3 to be replaced by the curves of Fig. (5). 12. The condition for Eq. (23) to hold is given by Eq. (24). 13. There is no reason for the conversion of mechanical energy into radiant energy to be continuous. 14. For two molecules to react they must be in contact. 15. In order for molecules to become vapour they have to overcome the force of attraction. 16. For a wire to be a good conductor it has to be made of lowresistance metal. 17. For the reactor to operate at a constant power level, one neutron from each fission must cause another fission. 18. For breeding to proceed more than one of the remaining neutrons must be captured by U238. 19. For the fusion process to take place the temperature should be extremely high. 20. In order for the two colliding nuclei to fuse they must be moving with a relative kinetic energy of at least 10 keV. 21. For any natural physical state to change, some change of the condition acting upon this state must occur. 22. The potential barrier is too high for electrons to go through. 23. The equipment is too complex for an average operator to control. 24. The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated. 25. The time taken for equilibrium conditions to be set is small. 26. The time required for a mass to come to rest can be calculated without difficulty. 27. The half-life is the time taken for the given radioactive substance to lose half its activity. 28. The half-life is the time taken for half of the nuclei to decay. 29. The time required for the amount of radiation to be

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reduced to half the original amount is different for different materials. 30. It is impossible for a nuclear reactor to explode like an atomic bomb. 31. For an accident to occur two or more essential elements of the reactor must fail simultaneously. 32. The purpose is not to create a better world of machines, but to create a better world for man to live in. 33. The more user-friendly the operating system is, the easier it is for people to interface with the machine.

Exercise 22. General Revision (Infinitive).

1. This substance is to be found in nature. 2. This substance is found to be useful. 3. The scientists found this substance to be useful. 4. The metal to be found in this ore is of great value. 5. They consider the book to be very useful. 6. This book is considered to be useful. 7. This phenomenon is to be considered. 8. The phenomena to be considered are very complicated. 9. The solution to the problem considered proves to depend on the engineer. 10. For every difference equation to be considered in this chapter there is a corresponding differential equation. 11. For the equation to be solved another method should be applied. 12. The equation to be solved seemed to be complicated. 13. Problems to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms the computer can work with. 14. The operation of the circuit is very easy to understand. 15. The values are difficult to determine with accuracy. 16. We have to consider if it is possible for electrons to flow from a metal electrode into the conduction band of an insulator. 17. Under what conditions will the reaction proceed rapidly enough for the method to be practicable? 18. The half-life is the time taken for the given radioactive substance to lose half its activity. 19. Sound is found to travel in water at the speed of about a mile a second, the exact speed depending upon the temperature of water. 20. The force between parallel currents can be measured and is found experimentally to be proportional to the product of the currents and inversely proportional to the distance between them. 21. Joule and other scientists proved heat to be a form of energy. 22. Heat was proved to be a form of energy. 23. The information reported appeared to be useful. 24. The information is reported to appear in “The Physical Review”. 25. It is obvious that if the electron absorbs any form of energy, this energy can make an electron pass from one orbit to another. 26. This device permits the current to be measured accurately. 27. We might expect liquid helium to be the simplest liquid to investigate in order to discover the fundamental principles of the theory of liquid state. 28. When a component is developed for one application, it can hardly be expected to be optimum for a widely differing appli-

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cation. 29. More important is the task of describing the kind of information to be dealt with, the basic operations to be carried out on it and the basic tasks to be performed on the information in order to decide what to do next. 30. The machinery to be installed in the lab is likely to be put into operation by the end of the year. 31. The properties and characteristics of the system to be controlled are always assumed to be known. 32. Here is the apparatus likely to give reliable results. 33. The purpose of a nuclear power program is to produce electricity to meet the demand. 34. One question to be answered is whether the Fast Breeder Reactor will be economically competitive. 35. In some cases the greatest difficulty is not to obtain the actual solution but to present the data in the form that makes it easy for the engineer or mathematician to evaluate them. 36. One of the objectives for research at the universities is to develop ideas that are not likely to produce useful results but which add to the sum total of human knowledge. 37. A more sophisticated theory seems to be required. 38. Feedback permits the output quantity to be compared with the input so that upon the existence of a difference a signal arises which brings the two into correspondence.

THE PARTICIPLE

I. Forms of the Participle

Examples:

1.The scientists solving this problem applied a new method.

Ученые, решающие эту задачу, применили новый метод.

2.The problem being solved is of great interest.

Решаемая задача представляет большой интерес.

3.The problem solved attracted much interest.

Решенная задача привлекла большой интерес.

4.(When) solving the problem the scientist came across a number of difficulties.

Решаязадачу, ученыйстолкнулсяс целымрядомтрудностей.

5.Having solved this problem the scientists applied the results obtained.

Решив задачу, ученые применили полученные результаты.

6.Being solved this problem caused many difficulties.

Будучи решаемой, задача вызывала большие затруднения.

7.Having been solved the problem found wide application.

Будучи решенной, задача нашла широкое применение.

8.When solved, this problem will find wide application.

Будучи решенной, эта задача найдет широкое применение.

II.Functions of the Participle

1.Participle as an Attribute

Exercise 1. Translate according to the model.

Model:

Ученые, применяющие этот метод, …

The scientists using this method ...

Применяемый метод…

The method being used...

Примененный метод...

The method used...

Метод, который следует применить…

The method to be used...

1.Обсуждаемая проблема. Обсужденная проблема. Проблема, которую надо обсудить. Ученые, обсуждающие проблему.

2.Проверяемый прибор. Проверенный прибор.

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Прибор, который надо проверить. Конструктор, проверяющий прибор.

3.Студенты, проверяющие результаты. Проверяемые результаты. Проверенные результаты. Результаты, которые надо проверить.

4.Величины, которые надо вычислить. Вычисленные величины. Вычисляемые величины.

5.Преобразуемая формула. Преобразованная формула.

Формула, которую надо преобразовать.

Exercise 2. Compare the Active and Passive forms of the participle.

B.

1.The induced charge is always the opposite of the inducing one.

2.The experiments being made attract the attention of all the scientists.

3.The experiments made showed the behaviour of the particles.

4.The device being used for producing short electromagnetic waves is a magnetron.

5.The device used behaved properly.

6.The substance formed possessed important properties.

7.The stability of the compound being formed must be considered.

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Exercise 3. Differentiate between the Participle and the Predicate.

4.The method described used 4. The method was described. these properties.

B.

1.Nuclear reactors operating worldwide have demonstrated great safety and reliability.

2.Advanced reactors are now operating in several countries.

3.A new power unit is now being built at the same site.

4.The superconducting magnets being built for the collider differ in some details.

5.Experiments currently being done are designed to test various plasma-heating methods.

6.Experiments are currently being done to test various methods.

7.Another method being tested is concerned with antiproton cooling.

8.New metal-alloy coolants are also being tested.

9.The magnets are now being developed for a new fission reactor.

10.The experience being gained with this reactor should prove useful to the designers.

11.The experience gained should be useful in the development of other fusion reactors.

12.A lot of experience was gained in this field.

13.The most promising system being studied will be described in some detail.

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Exercise 4. Transform using the proper form of the participle.

A.

1)the current that flows

2)the body that moves

3)the force that acts

4)the material that conducts electric current

5)the countries that develop

6)the substances that influence the speed of the reaction

7)changes that affect the composition

8)the people that speak English

9)the molecules that consist of atoms

10)the instrument which determines pressure

11)the discussion that follows the report

12)the temperature that rises

13)the reactors that operate now

B.

1)the problem which is being discussed

2)the device which is being tested

3)the results which are being analyzed

4)the materials which are being used

5)the house that is being built

6)the device that is being developed

7)the reactor that is being designed

8)the data that are being collected

9)the man that is being spoken about

10)the problem which is being dealt with

11)the paper which is being referred to

12)the experiment which is being made now

C.

1)the work which was done

2)the experiments which were carried out

3)the problem that was solved

4)the device that was tested

5)the substance which was formed

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6)the composition which was determined

7)the methods that were used

8)the element which was discovered

9)the film which was followed by a discussion

10)the film that was spoken about

11)the data which were referred to

12)the student that was relied upon

13)the paper that was dealt with

14)the radius that was given

15)the particle that was emitted

16)the particle that was accelerated

17)the energy that was lost

Exercise 5. Translate the participle in postposition.

A.

1.The work done was ...

2.The film shown is ...

3.The report made gave ...

4.The results reported here are ...

5.The method used is ...

6.The theory discussed showed ...

7.The new elements discovered showed ...

8.The method spoken about ...

9.The terms insisted upon ...

10.The difficulties dealt with ...

11.The data relied on ...

12.The specialist sent for ...

13.The report followed by ...

14.The method followed in our laboratory ...

15.The letter answered ...

16.The result influenced by other conditions ...

17.The paper referred to was ...

18.The electron acted on by ...

19.The subject dealt with aroused ...

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B.

The following adverbs are often used with the participle:

1.The wave length so determined will be ...

2.The ions thus formed will be ...

3.The data so far obtained were ...

4.The work so far performed by the group showed ...

5.The problems so far discussed do not give ...

6.The quantum number thus far introduced becomes ...

7.The phenomenon not otherwise accounted for is ...

8.Such data are not given in the papers so far published.

9.The results so far obtained compared very well with the complete analysis.

10.The formula so obtained may be of some use in our further work.

Exercise 6. Learn to translate the participles “concerned” and “involved” in postposition.

The properties of the substances involved are as yet not clearly understood.

Свойства данных веществ еще не совсем поняты. The methods concerned are applied in this field of physics.

Рассматриваемые методы применяются в этой области.

1.The technique involved is ...

2.The principle involved is ...

3.The author concerned reports that ...

4.The book concerned deals with ...

5.The formulas of the compounds involved are ...

6.The subject involved is of great interest.

7.The phenomenon concerned is ...

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