Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

8.The process involved aims at ...

9.We have to consider all the factors involved.

10.The substance involved possesses ...

11.The energy of neutrons involved is ...

12.The properties of the metal concerned are ...

Exercise 7. Concentrate on translating the verb “to involve”.

1.The project involves a great number of issues.

2.There is a range of issues involved.

3.In dealing with problems involving physical energy, especially when molecules and atoms are concerned, scientists must use strictly accurate values.

4.Since the nucleus is involved in atomic disintegration, the process should properly be called nuclear disintegration.

5.The approach may be attractive because of the lower cost involved.

6.Nature simply refuses to be cheated, or to give up anything more than she receives. The rule of Nature is that if there are 100 atoms involved in a reaction to start with, every one of them must be accounted for in the products of the reaction involved.

Exercise 8. Differentiate between – ed forms.

1.The solution of the problem required concentrated efforts of many scientists.

2.The data required were analyzed in our lab.

3.When required these data will be applied in our practical work.

4.The equipment tested required further improvement.

5.The results obtained varied in some respects.

6.The technique applied increased the accuracy.

7.The methods introduced received general recognition.

8.The experiment described attracted general attention.

9.The materials collected served as valuable information.

10.The apparatus installed showed good performance.

11.The progress achieved resulted in a remarkable technical improvement.

12.The amount of heat generated depended on the quality of the fuel used.

13.A computer processes the information supplied.

14.The laboratory installed modernized equipment.

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15.The equipment installed modernized our laboratory.

16.The hypothesis proposed accounts for all the experimental observations made.

17.The hypothesis proposed agreed with the experimental observation.

18.The first amount of titanium produced when examined indicated that the metal had promising properties.

Exercise 9. Translate. Pay attention to the form of the participle.

1.The new phenomenon observed by the scientists cannot be explained by the existing theories.

2.Observing natural phenomena the ancient philosophers gave rise to natural sciences.

3.Electricity generated by nuclear power plants is cheap and safe.

4.Nuclear power plants generating electricity are environmentally friendly.

5.Within the nuclear reactor atoms are split generating heat.

6.The neutrons absorbed in U238 create a new element — plutonium.

7.The absorbed neutron makes the nucleus of a uranium atom split up.

8.Fuels are substances containing some form of thermal or radiant energy.

9.The amount of energy contained in the fuel depends on the kind of the fuel.

10.The Sun is the ultimate source of all the energy stored in fuels.

11.The nucleus split in the reaction releases tremendous energy.

12.While splitting the nucleus emits a terrific amount of heat.

13.The method applied by the scientists produced the required results.

14.Applying this method the scientists obtained the results required.

15.Fossil fuels burnt in power plants pollute the atmosphere.

16.Power plants burning fossil fuels produce a lot of combustion products.

17.While burning, fossil fuels emit combustion products into the environment.

18.When burnt, natural gas produces less carbon dioxide than either oil or coal.

19.When fossil fuels are burnt, a variety of combustion products are released into the atmosphere.

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20.In the chain reaction energy stored in the nucleus is released as heat.

21.The amount of the heat released is tremendous.

22.The reactor designed is an innovative project.

23.The reactor is designed to operate for about 30 years.

24.It is true that the kinetic energy released has some mass.

25.The steam produced in the reactor is slightly radioactive.

26.The radiation released by nuclear power plants must be kept as low as possible.

27.Tremendous energy is released when the nucleus is split.

28.An innovative reactor technology was proposed by the scientists.

29.To realize the project, they applied the technology proposed.

Exercise 10. Translate into Russian.

Remember the meanings of the verb “to follow”:

1)следовать за кем-либо, за чем-либо;

2)придерживаться (метода).

Compare Active and Passive forms of the Participle:

The film following the report was ... The film followed by a discussion was ...

Фильм, последовавший за докФильм, за которым последовала

B.

1.The letter following the telegram was ...

2.The letter followed by a telegram was ...

3.The letter was followed by a telegram.

4.Practice following theory must prove it.

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5.Theory followed by practice is necessary.

6.Theory must be followed by practice.

7.The period following Mendeleyev’s discovery was rich in important events.

8.The experiment followed by data-processing produced accurate results.

9.The experiment was followed by data-processing.

10.Cooling following heating gave good results.

11.Cooling followed by heating showed good results.

12.His research followed by a report resulted in new discoveries in the field of nuclear physics.

13.His research was followed by a report.

14.The discovery followed by further experimental work stimulated research in this area.

15.His discovery was followed by further experimental work.

16.The scientist following this technique investigated ...

17.The method followed by the scientist is quite up-to-date.

18.The analysis followed in this work gave unexpected results.

19.An interesting approach was followed in this work.

C. Translate into English:

1.Дискуссия, последовавшая за докладом, … Доклад, за которым последовала дискуссия, … За докладом последовала дискуссия.

2.Открытие, последовавшее за исследованием, … Исследование, за которым последовало открытие, … За исследованием последовало открытие.

3.Вопрос, за которым последовал ответ, … Ответ, последовавший за вопросом, … За вопросом последовал ответ.

4.За анализом следует синтез. Синтез, следующий за анализом, …

Анализ, за которым следует синтез, …

5.Метод, которого придерживались ученые, … Ученые, придерживавшиеся этого метода, … Ученые придерживались этого метода.

6.Следуя инструкции, студенты … Студенты, придерживавшиеся этой инструкции, … Студенты придерживались инструкции.

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Инструкция, которой студенты придерживались, …

Exercise 11. Translate following the Pattern.

Past Participle + Infinitive = Attribute

Radar known to detect different objects appeared during World War II.

Радар, который, как известно, обнаруживает различные объекты, появился во время второй мировой войны.

1.The device known to be used for ...

2.A substance thought to possess this property was ...

3.Liquids found to dissolve this substance are ...

4.The changes assumed to take place are ...

5.The problem reported to be solved is ...

6.The phenomenon expected to be investigated is ...

7.The method supposed to be applied in the experiment is ...

8.The ionization expected to exist is ...

9.Bodies said to be rigid are ...

10.Reactions likely to occur at this temperature are ...

Exercise 12. Translate paying attention to the participle.

1.The basic circuit of the device being built is described in detail in this paper.

2.The semiconductor device being designed will be described in some detail in the section followed by a discussion of its possible applications.

3.The scientists theoretically predicted a complicated interaction between the components involved in the process.

4.The explanation of the physical phenomena involved presents some difficulties.

5.The methods of measurement that have been developed differ greatly with the energy of neutrons involved.

6.This half-life is only characteristic of the particular nucleus concerned.

7.The hypothesis concerned synthesized materials and did not apply to natural products.

8.The procedure proposed provided the required mechanism of the reaction.

9.The experiments referred to demonstrated the behaviour of the sodium coolant.

10.The substance affected by a magnetic field was a metal.

11.108 is a number expressed by one followed by eight zeroes.

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12.The method followed in the experiment was the most accurate.

13.The reader will find many examples followed by notes explaining why particular examples have been selected.

14.Now it is possible to include cross sections for fission neutrons

so far unpublished.

15.This law takes into account forms of energy other than those discussed so far.

16.Automated information processing radically modified the method devised.

17.The changes assumed to take place are of great importance.

18.The problem reported to be solved will be discussed at the conference.

2. Participle as an Adverbial Modifier

Exercise 13. Translate. Be attentive to the forms of the participle.

A.

1.Experimenting scientists study nature and formulate its laws.

2.Having experimented with different substances they found the most suitable ones for their project.

3.Calculating the orbits of the satellites scientists used computers.

4.Having calculated the data the scientist applied them in his research.

5.Having been accurately calculated the data were of great importance.

6.Being expressed in terms of the international metric system, the results of the measurement are clear to everybody.

7.Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism.

8.Having been heated the substance changed its properties.

9.Having carried out the experiment the scientist found ...

10.Having been tested the new device showed ...

11.Having been measured with unreliable instruments the data were incorrect.

12.Defining these units you can solve the equation.

13.Having defined the model’s state you can discuss its operation.

14.Having corrected the formula you can obtain reliable data.

15.Having been corrected the formula is valid for any case.

16.Giving so much information about the planets these experiments are very useful.

17.Given two points A and B, you can draw a line connecting them.

18.Given the value of X, the velocity of a body can easily be calculated.

19.Having been given all the necessary instructions they started their experiment.

20.Given a proper sample, the chemist can determine the properties of the substance.

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B.

1.Разрабатывая теорию, ученые …

2.Разработав теорию, ученые …

3.Будучи разрабатываемой, теория …

4.Будучи разработанной, теория …

5.Разрабатываемая теория …

6.Разработанная теория …

7.Ученые, разрабатывающие теорию, …

C.

Work according to the above models, using the following verbs:

1)to do work

2)to make an experiment

3)to describe a method

4)to test a device

5)to design a reactor

6)to study a phenomenon

7)to check the results

8)to compare the results

9)to perform an operation

10)to calculate a value

11)to detect a signal

12)to transform energy

Exercise 14. Translate paying attention to the conjunctions. The following conjunctions can be used before the participle:

when – когда while – когда if – если unless – если не until – пока не

once – когда, как только, если though – хотя

whether – ли

Learn the proverb: Do not swap horses while crossing a stream.

Не меняйте лошадей на переправе.

A.

1.Be careful while crossing the street.

2.While studying light Newton invented the reflecting telescope.

3.The Curies discovered a new element while studying radioactivity.

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4.We know that most bodies expand when heated.

5.Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.

6.If heated, magnetized steel loses its magnetism.

7.Unless heated, the substance does not melt.

8.This substance does not dissolve in water, whether heated or not.

9.While using this term you should take into account its limitation.

10.When widely used, this term includes a mixture of gases.

11.Given certain information, you can construct a decision system.

12.Unless given the correct data the scientists cannot proceed with their work.

13.Translated into words, this equation states that matter is converted into energy.

14.Until translated into Russian, this paper was not known.

15.Once started, the reaction continues indefinitely.

16.Once started, the process is difficult to stop.

17.Once formed, an oxide film cannot be removed.

18.Once observed, the phenomenon was discussed.

19.Though undiscovered, the planet was predicted.

20.When calculating the weight of a body, we have to multiply its specific gravity by its volume.

21.When calculated, the values obtained proved to be important.

22.When falling, the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome.

23.The acceleration of a body when falling is constant.

24.When dealing with gases it is common practice to consider them at a pressure of one atmosphere.

25.When striking a TV antenna the signal must be reconstructed before it becomes a picture on the screen.

26.When struck by light, the metal coating emits electrons.

27.When corrected, the formula is valid for any medium.

28.Any body, when heated to a high temperature, becomes a source of light.

29.The body at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by some external force.

30.The reaction will be of little service unless catalyzed or carried out at a high temperature.

31.Once started, this reaction cannot be stopped.

32.If exposed to ultraviolet radiation certain materials give off visible light.

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33.When exposed to ultraviolet light, ordinary water develops biologically active compounds.

34.When widely used, the term “hardware” includes the whole computer.

35.Unless tested, the device cannot be applied.

36.When used in high-energy physics, equations of motion didn’t have any significant success.

37.This technique, when properly applied, can be relied on.

Exercise 15. Translate. Pay attention to the following expressions. The following expressions are often used in technical papers:

Unless otherwise stated (indicated, specified) ...

Если не оговорено особо, …

Except where otherwise stated (indicated, specified) ...

Кроме тех случаев, которые особо оговорены, …

1.Unless otherwise stated, the pressure is atmospheric.

2.Unless otherwise specified, the condition is as follows.

3.Unless otherwise stated, we shall only consider solutions in liquids.

4.Unless otherwise stated, the values used are taken in the decimal system.

5.Except where otherwise indicated, we take an ideal gas.

6.Unless otherwise specified, the tables are given for a perfect gas.

7.Unless otherwise stated, the boiling point refers to the temperature at which the liquid boils at one atmosphere of pressure.

Exercise 16. Transform using the proper form of the Participle.

1.When we experiment we study nature.

2.When we heat a substance we cause a more rapid motion of its molecules.

3.When we add heat we change the state of a substance.

4.When we raise the t0 we speed up the rate of a reaction.

5.When you work with this substance you should be careful.

6.When he worked with the substance he observed a new phenomenon.

7.When different substances burn they combine with oxygen.

8.When Mendeleyev was studying various elements he analyzed a lot of materials.

9.After they had measured the t0, the experimenters corrected the data available.

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10.After they had tested the device, they put it into operation.

11.After they had completed the experiment they compared the results.

12.After they had discussed the problem, they proceeded to the experiment.

13.When water is heated it is transformed into steam.

14.When the first sputnik was launched it provided important information.

15.When the law was discovered it was widely used.

16.When the method was used it improved the results.

17.Air can be liquefied if it is subjected to great pressure.

18.The reaction proceeds at a greater speed if it is catalyzed.

19.If we are given more time, we can do anything.

НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ

NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE

CONSTRUCTION

Pattern A

The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.

Так как скорость света чрезвычайно велика, мы не можем измерить ее с помощью обычных методов.

All substances consist of molecules, molecules being made up of atoms.

Все вещества состоят из молекул, причем молекулы состоят из атомов.

Переводится:

–в начале предложения – придаточным предложением с союзами «так как; после того как; когда; если»;

–в конце предложения – самостоятельным предложением с союзами «причем; а; и; но».

Exercise 17. Translate paying attention to the NAPC.

A.

1.Other conditions being equal, the t° remains the same.

2.Electrons flowing through a wire, electrical energy is generated.

3.The temperature rising, the bodies expand.

4.Radioactivity discovered, great progress was made in nuclear physics.

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