Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

4.Special materials have to be developed.

5.All the effects will have to be studied.

6.Information has to be collected.

7.The plant has to be protected against any accident.

8.Studies are to be carried out.

9.Problems have to be solved.

10.The radioactivity should be measured.

11.Particular attention should be given to this problem.

12.Investigations can be performed.

13.Adequate solutions can be found.

14.Two approaches may be used.

Exercise 4. Translate. Pay attention to the tense forms.

1.The Sun attracts and is attracted by the planets.

2.Matter is constantly changing and is constantly moving.

3.In principle man is capable of making everything that Nature has already created or is creating now.

4.A number of new elements have been created artificially.

5.God created the world in seven days. It took God seven days to create the world.

6.An extensive database was created on the properties of nanomaterials.

7.Nanotechnologies will create an advanced technological society.

8.The number of questions man asks himself is increasing.

9.The efficiency of NPPs has increased significantly over the years.

10.Research effort in nanotechnology has been increased recently.

11.Scientists are developing innovative materials for fusion programs.

12.Alternative energy sources are being developed in many countries.

13.The safety of nuclear reactors has been developed to a very high level.

14.Ionizing radiation causes damage to living things.

15.Man has caused great changes in the world.

16.The fission of an atomic nucleus is caused by a neutron.

17.The nuclei of atoms contain all the energy that the world requires.

18.Extremely high temperatures are required for fusion reactions.

19.Nuclear power plants have been operating worldwide for several decades.

20.The control room is the operations centre from which the plant is operated and controlled.

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21.Chemical changes are constantly taking place; everywhere compounds are breaking down and new compounds are being formed.

22.Since his first appearance on Earth, Man has been deriving energy from matter.

23.Nuclear energy is derived and will be derived from nuclear fission.

24.Perpetual motion has never been obtained with a machine because of friction.

25.If a certain amount of energy is put into a machine, precisely that amount will be obtained – no more and no less.

26.Approximate estimates may be obtained from previous experience.

27.Fusion devices are being studied in several configurations.

28.The phenomenon has been studied intensively since its discovery.

29.The phenomenon has been studied.

30.Every fast-neutron reactor that has been built or is being built in the world today uses liquid metal as a coolant.

31.Towards the end of the 19th century physicists thought that they had completely understood the way the physical universe worked.

32.The French scientist Henri Becquerel was working with a uranium compound when he discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity.

33.After Becquerel had made a number of experiments, he confirmed that a new phenomenon had been discovered.

Exercise 5. Change from Active into Passive.

1.Columbus discovered America in 1492.

2.Mendeleyev established the Periodic Law of elements.

3.J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.

4.E. Rutherford proposed the nuclear atom model.

5.Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932.

6.The Americans made the first landing on the moon in 1969.

7.Matter absorbs radiation.

8.The Sun emits photons of light.

9.Gravity attracts every body to the centre of the earth.

10.Experiments require skill and effort.

11.Scientists speak English at international conferences.

12.Nuclear forces hold the atoms together.

13.Scientists have created artificial elements.

14.Man’s curiosity has discovered Nature’s secrets to us.

15.Scientists have proved the hypothesis.

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16.They are building a high-tech laboratory to realize the project.

17.Scientists are developing alternative energy sources.

18.The committee will announce the names of the Nobel Prize winners in May.

19.Charles Townes produced the first laser in 1960.

20.The problem will require further investigation.

21.Ionizing radiation can damage living things.

22.NPPs can provide clean and cheap energy.

23.They cannot store energy.

24.They should respect radiation.

25.They must improve the reactor safety.

Особенности Passive Voice в английском языке

Pattern 1

We were shown the new laboratory.

Нам показали новую лабораторию. He was given a topic for his report.

Ему дали тему для доклада.

Learn the verbs

to show – showed – shown – показывать

to tell – told – told – рассказывать, говорить to give – gave – given – давать

to promise – обещать to offer – предлагать

to allow, to permit – позволять Exercise 6. Translate into Russian.

1.The students were shown a number of experiments.

2.They were shown a diagram (a new film, etc.).

3.The man was shown the way.

4.The students were told about the modern achievements in physics.

5.We have just been told the news.

6.The students were given an important task to do.

7.The positive particle in the nucleus was given the name of the proton.

8.The function is given the proper value.

9.The laboratory was given new equipment.

10.They have been given all the necessary information.

11.They were promised an interesting paper on the subject.

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12.I was promised immediate help.

13.The laboratory was promised all the necessary equipment.

14.I was offered a cup of tea.

15.We were offered some interesting work to do.

16.The student was offered an interesting job.

17.They were informed of a new invention.

Pattern 2

These data are referred to.

На эти данные ссылаются.

This paper will be dealt with later on.

С этой статьей будут иметь дело позже.

Exercise 7. Translate into Russian.

1.This theory (paper, book, information, source) is often referred to.

2.Newton’s laws of motion are often referred to.

3.These data will be referred to in the next paper.

4.This minute particle is referred to as an atom.

5.Motion is dealt with in kinematics.

6.Different forms of energy are dealt with in the present article.

7.This problem will not be dealt with unless more precise experimental data are obtained.

8.Safety is dealt with at many levels.

9.The charged particle is acted upon by forces.

10.The plan was insisted upon.

11.These terms will be insisted upon.

12.These terms were agreed upon.

13.This instrument is not relied upon because it is not accurate enough.

14.This student (information, data, device) can be relied upon.

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15.My watch cannot be relied upon. It is fast (slow).

16.These data are not accounted for by the existing theory.

17.The phenomenon was accounted for by a strong emission of gamma-rays.

18.How is this phenomenon accounted for?

19.This book (paper, film, event) is much spoken about.

20.His invention was much spoken about.

21.The achievements in this field will be spoken about at the conference.

22.The equipment was sent for.

23.New ways of solving the problem must be looked for.

24.They were looked at with great interest.

25.They were listened to with great interest.

26.Galileo was laughed at by the people. Why was he laughed at?

27.Such changes are never met with.

28.Single atoms of oxygen are seldom met with.

29.Difficulties are often met with in solving scientific problems.

Pattern 3

1.The report was followed by a discussion.

За докладом последовало обсуждение.

2.The reaction is influenced by temperature.

На реакцию влияет температура.

Learn the verbs

to follow – 1) следовать за; 2) придерживаться (точки зрения) to affect – влиять на, действовать на

to influence – влиять на, действовать на to join – присоединяться к

to answer – отвечать на to watch – следить за

Exercise 8. Translate into Russian.

1.Winter is followed by spring.

2.This discussion is followed by a brief description of the device.

3.The discovery of radium was followed by many important discoveries.

4.The question was followed by an answer. The answer was followed by many other questions.

5.The experiment will be followed by data-processing.

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6.In mechanics the study of kinematics is followed by the study of dynamics.

7.An interesting method was followed in investigating this phenomenon.

8.This method must be followed in the experiment.

9.The climate of Great Britain is affected by the sea.

10.Gold is not affected by corrosion.

11.The accuracy of the device is affected by a number of factors.

12.The operation of semiconductor devices is greatly affected by temperature.

13.The rate of a reaction is influenced by many factors.

14.The results are influenced by changes in temperature.

15.The behaviour of the proton beam is influenced by a variety of factors.

16.Everything is naturally radioactive and is affected by radiation.

17.Some people are easily influenced by other people’s opinions.

18.Our group was joined by some new students.

19.The letter will be answered immediately.

20.Scientific problems must be stated clearly and answered exactly.

21.The experiment was watched with great interest by everybody.

22.The conference was addressed by nuclear scientists.

23.The phenomenon was approached experimentally.

Exercise 9. Change from Active into Passive

1.The programmer tells the computer what to do.

2.They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.

3.When he applied to the firm, they offered him a job.

4.They didn’t give us any useful advice.

5.They will give you plenty of time to decide.

6.Scientists gave the last constituent of matter the strange name of a “quark”.

7.Have they shown you the new laboratory?

8.The scientists referred to this method in their paper.

9.Designers refer to the logical organization of the computer as architecture.

10.Control room operators rely on instrumentation and control systems (I&C).

11.Programmers deal with a virus by means of a vaccine program.

12.The employers paid the men to do the work.

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13.These days scientists pay great attention to the “man-machine” interface.

14.The scientists accounted for the phenomenon by the existing theory.

15.The new model accounts for these observations.

16.Scientists hope they will soon rely on fusion power.

17.They are looking for new sources of energy.

18.They didn’t answer the question asked.

19.Radiation affects living things.

20.Ionizing radiation can damage living cells.

21.Experience answers many questions.

22.A heated discussion followed the report.

23.The scientists followed the most accurate method in the experiment.

24.Human decision makers are not always rational. Emotion and instinct often influence them.

25.Noise affects people in different ways.

26.Noise pollution affects task performance.

27.Nuclear physicists addressed the project at the conference.

28.They approached the problem from a different standpoint.

29.The systems take advantage of man’s superior abilities to make complex decisions.

Exercise 10. Translate from Russian into English using passive forms.

1.Студентам показали ряд экспериментов.

2.Им рассказали о современных достижениях в физике.

3.Им обещали интересную статью на данную тему.

4.Лаборатории предложили все необходимое оборудование.

5.На эти данные будут ссылаться в следующей статье.

6.Эта частица называется атомом.

7.В данной статье имеют дело с разными формами энергии.

8.На заряженную частицу действуют силы.

9.На этого студента нельзя полагаться.

10.За врачом послали.

11.Их слушали с большим вниманием.

12.За вопросом последовал ответ. За ответом последовало много других вопросов.

13.На климат Великобритании влияет море.

14.На результаты влияет ряд факторов.

15.На письмо ответят сразу.

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Pattern 4

1.Computers are widely made use of.

Компьютеры широко используются.

2.Reference is made to earlier studies.

Ссылаются на ранние исследования.

Learn the following expressions

1)to give attention to – уделять внимание

2)to pay attention to – уделять внимание

3)to make use of = to use – использовать

4)to make reference to = to refer to – ссылаться на

5)to make mention of = to mention – упоминать

6)to make provision for = to provide for – предусматривать

7)to take care of – заботиться, стараться, учитывать

8)to take account of = to take into account – принимать во вни-

мание, учитывать

9)to take advantage of – использовать

Exercise 11. Translate into Russian.

1.Special attention has been paid to the research work.

2.Attention has been called to this phenomenon.

3.This method is widely made use of in practice.

4.At present extensive use is made of chemical methods of purifying water.

5.Any other computer may be made use of in this case.

6.Today there is hardly a field in which radioactive substances are not made use of.

7.Reference has been made to this phenomenon (fact).

8.Reference will be made to Chapter 3.

9.For comparison reference is made to earlier studies by other authors.

10.In this chapter no mention is made of this law.

11.The experiment has already been made mention of.

12.Provision should be made to identify the position of the emitted beam.

13.This phenomenon is taken care of in the experiment.

14.Care is taken not to heat this substance.

15.Care must be taken in handling radioactive substances.

16.These effects were taken account of in carrying out the experiment.

17.Account should be taken of the low melting point of the substance.

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18.In testing the device many defects were taken account of and removed.

19.Advantage is often taken of this phenomenon. The phenomenon is often taken advantage of.

20.Advantage must be taken of some special properties of this material.

Exercise 12. General Revision. Translate. Pay attention to the tense forms.

1.Read the problem several times until you understand exactly what is given and what is to be found.

2.We are given protection from cosmic rays by the earth’s atmosphere.

3.The hadrons are not elementary but are made up of the more fundamental entities that have been given the name “quarks”.

4.The disposal of nuclear waste is given great attention to in this paper.

5.Our age is referred to as the age of electronics.

6.The 19th century was spoken about as the age of steam.

7.The first radio programs were listened to with the help of headphones.

8.Heat has the property of changing a liquid into gas. This change is generally referred to as evaporation.

9.Many methods for detection of uranium have been proposed for use under various conditions and only a few can be referred to here.

10.Radiation from cosmic rays is referred to as natural background radiation.

11.Analysis is naturally followed by synthesis.

12.The usual procedure is that information storage is followed by information analysis.

13.The method described above is the most accurate and it should be followed when great accuracy is required.

14.Theoretical studies for the personnel are followed by tests and training with simulators.

15.Such questions are not easily answered.

16.These properties are affected by the composition of the material.

17.In gaseous reactions the equilibrium position is largely influenced by pressure.

18.The charge of an atom is not affected by the number of neutrons present but depends on the balance between electrons and protons.

19.The design of a fusion reactor is affected by experience from small fusion devices.

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20.Many scientific projects study how the aquatic life is influenced by heat discharges from NPPs.

21.Radiation is not affected by chemical changes, temperature or pressure.

22.The data are rather contradictory. They cannot be relied upon.

23.Experience has shown that nuclear power can be relied upon.

24.This technique, when properly applied, can be relied on.

25.The stability of the atom is accounted for by the electric attraction within the atom.

26.How can the existence of neutrons be accounted for?

27.The difference in mass was accounted for by static energy.

28.Air pollution is mostly accounted for by burning fossil fuel.

29.The design was dealt with by the professionals.

30.The process of burning, or combustion, is generally referred to chemically as oxidation.

31.The orbits in which the electrons travel around the nucleus are often referred to as “shells” by physical chemists.

32.The properties of matter can be accounted for in terms of forces.

33.For centuries, coal, oil and water had been looked upon as the main sources of energy before the new and more powerful source was discovered.

34.Particular attention is paid to the sequence of events in an accident.

35.The fixed-point theorem is made use of in the theory of games.

36.We know that the neutron is electrically neutral and use can be made of that property.

37.Reference was made to the results of the collision of fundamental particles.

38.Mention is made of the size and properties of the smaller constituents of matter.

39.Care must be taken in measuring radioactivity.

40.Care should be taken to ensure reliability of these data.

41.Advantage is often taken of the effect of temperature on solubility.

42.Attention should be called to the fact that radioactive phenomena are so completely spontaneous that they are not affected by physical or chemical changes in the elements involved.

43.The electrons were pictured as very small charged bodies which generated the field and were acted upon by forces due to the field.

44.The value of life lies not in the length of days but in the use we make of them; a man may live long and yet get little from life (Montaigne).

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