Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

5.Science having made great progress, many phenomena can be explained.

6.The frequency having been changed, the signal became better.

7.The problem having been solved, the scientists made further progress.

8.The relation having been established, the charge was determined.

9.The electric field being altered, particles of a different velocity can be selected.

10.The gas being compressed, the number of molecules is the same.

11.The equation being given, the value can be determined.

12.Electricity is carried exclusively by electrons, atomic nuclei remaining stationary.

13.The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position ...

14.α-rays are streams of small particles, each consisting of two protons and two electrons.

15...., their atoms being unstable.

16...., the electrons moving around the nucleus.

17...., each neutron causing a new fission.

18...., this fact dealing with radioactivity.

19...., their energy increasing with the temperature.

20...., some changes having been made by that time.

21...., the volume increasing.

Pattern B

Nominative Absolute Participle Construction может быть введен словом “with”, причем “with” не переводится.

With spaceships flying so far, we are able to reach some remote planets.

Теперь, когда космические корабли летают так далеко, мы можем добираться до далеких планет.

1.With an object moving in a fixed direction, we call this type of motion one-dimensional motion.

2.With airplanes flying higher and faster, we ...

3.With science so much advanced, we ...

4.With almost all nations using the metric system, we are able to say ...

5.With the experiment carried out, they could improve the results.

6.With the formula given, we can find the value.

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7.With the period of rotation being constant, the speed increased.

8.With the concept based on the laws of physics, we can be sure that...

9.With the standard meter being calibrated with the help of the wavelength of light, we are able to ...

10.With the new model having been used, we could account for these observations.

11.Acids react with oxides of all the metals, with salt and water being formed.

12.Atoms are in a state of random motion, their speed being tremendous.

13...., with atoms losing electrons.

14...., with yellow, then blue waves being emitted.

15...., with the vibrational frequency of atoms being constant.

16...., with the temperature rising.

Exercise 18. Find the NAPC. Translate into Russian.

1.The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about 10-12cm.

2.Silver being very expensive, we seldom use it as a conductor.

3.Water being denser than air, rays are refracted towards the perpendicular.

4.Other liquids being too light, the barometer uses mercury.

5.All three forms of water, solid, liquid and gas, are the same substance, one being changed into another.

6.Heavy hydrogen combining with oxygen, heavy water is formed, its chemical symbol being D20.

7.All these elements are radioactive, their atoms being unstable and undergoing spontaneous disintegration.

8.Other conditions being equal, the acceleration will be the same.

9.Work is the result of energy, energy being defined as capacity for doing work.

10.There exist various kinds of light, each corresponding to some definite colour.

11.The t° rising, the bodies expand, their volume increasing.

12.The temperature remaining the same, the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure.

13.The temperature increasing, the number of carriers in a semiconductor grows exponentially.

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14.The conductivity depends on the number of ions present, the substance being more ionized in a dilute solution.

15.With a car moving at a constant velocity, the distance travelled is directly proportional to the time.

16.With further heating the waves are still shorter and colour advances along the spectrum, with yellow, then blue waves being emitted.

17.When the thermometer becomes warmer, the mercury expands,

the amount of expansion measuring the temperature.

18.The phenomenon of nuclear fission occurred, the uranium nucleus being split into two parts of roughly equal mass.

19.The whole weight of a body acts as though it were concentrated at a single point, this point being called the centre of gravity.

20.The square of any number being positive, the square root of a

negative number is imaginary.

21.This set of axioms having been accepted, we could predict many new properties of the system involved.

22.We say that “n” tends to infinity, or n → ∞, the latter symbol being usually used as an abbreviation for infinity.

23.The symbol ∫ is called the integral sign, it being really an elon-

gated S standing for Sum.

24.With experimental work done, we can proceed to the theoretical foundation.

25.This difficulty has been overcome by Davis, the principle involved being illustrated by Fig.(12).

26.The Universe is now essentially composed of about 90 percent

hydrogen and 9 percent helium, with the remaining one percent accounting for the more complex atoms.

27.With research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most popular these days.

28.People sometimes speak of different generations of reactors, with each generation using a different technology.

COMPLEX OBJECT WITH THE PARTICIPLE

Pattern

1.We watched them carrying out that unusual experiment.

Мынаблюдали, каконипроводилиэтотнеобычныйэксперимент.

2.We consider matter as being built up of atoms.

Мы считаем, что материя состоит из атомов.

Exercise 19. Find Complex Object. Translate into Russian. 1. We watched them carrying out that experiment.

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2.They observed the rocket being launched.

3.We hear the signal given.

4.We watched the device being tested.

5.They didn’t hear the water running.

6.We consider the atom as being built...

7.We may consider this substance as consisting of ...

8.We believe each hydrogen atom as having ...

9.We found this effect as corresponding to ...

COMPLEX SUBJECT WITH THE PARTICIPLE

Pattern

1.Protons were observed leaving various elements.

Наблюдали, как протоны вылетают из различных элементов.

2.Substances are defined as having a definite invariant composition.

Определено, что вещества имеют определенный неизменный состав.

Exercise 20. Translate into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject.

A.

1.These particles can be observed emanating from a substance…

2.This substance was shown as consisting of ...

3.This matter is considered as being built up ...

4.Each hydrogen atom is believed as having ...

5.All matter should be regarded as built up of atoms ...

6.These particles could be observed being emitted ...

7.The value is shown as being large for ...

8.The phenomenon was reported as taking place ...

9.The element was reported as having been discovered ...

10.The Curies should be regarded as having discovered ...

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B.

1.Several rays of light are shown passing from medium 2 to medium 1 in which their velocity is greater.

2.From the northern station Venus is seen projected upon the sun’s surface.

3.These particles can be observed emanating from a substance illuminated by certain rays.

4.We may treat the corpuscle as consisting of a group of waves having nearly identical frequencies.

5.We consider each atom as having a unit positive charge.

6.Similar phenomena have not been reported as existing elsewhere.

7.Mendeleyev is regarded as having discovered the law of periodicity of the chemical elements.

8.This new insulating material is reported as being used for covering electric wires.

Exercise 21. Participle. General Revision.

1.The tests performed provided complete satisfaction.

2.The approach followed in the breeder design has been much the same in all the countries involved.

3.The latter method is used in the machine being discussed.

4.The advantages of each method depend on the problem being studied.

5.The method concerned was the most accurate.

6.The main problem encountered in the reactor design concerned the cover of the main vessel.

7.The data obtained are considered as not being adequately represented by Equation 1.

8.The results thus far obtained do suggest that the new approach may lead to definite advantages.

9.The equipment as described above was used for experimental tests designed to prove the system as a whole.

10.All materials, whether solid, liquid or gaseous, normally expand when heated and contract when cooled.

11.Having thus established relations of interdependence among physical facts, modern physics tries to interpret these relations.

12.Having been obtained with unreliable instruments, the data proved inaccurate.

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13.Given the volume and the specific gravity, it is easy to calculate the weight of a body.

14.One electron volt is the energy acquired by an electron when accelerated through a potential difference of one volt.

15.If exposed to ultraviolet radiation certain materials give off visible light, such substances being called fluorescent.

16.When examined under a high-power microscope, small particles in a fluid are seen as moving rapidly in a random direction.

17.Bodies which do not suffer strain when acted on by forces are rigid bodies.

18.It will be noticed in the above formula that, given any two of the factors, the third may be found directly.

19.In most cases when the law is used, the force is a given function of the position of an object, and this position can always be found, given the acceleration of the object.

20.The length of the electron wave being of the same order as that of X- rays, we may expect to obtain scattering of this wave by crystals.

21.With the model’s state defined, its operation may be discussed.

22.We regard “x” as being much greater than “y”.

23.At a very early stage radioactive phenomena were recognized as being atomic.

24.Other factors being equal, maximum stability is found for nuclei with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

25.The name ”electronics” is known to be derived from the word “electrons”, the electron itself being the basic unit of negative electricity and all electric currents consisting of electrons in motion.

26.Having discussed the algebra of complex numbers, we may now consider the differential calculus of complex variables.

27.No number exists which has a negative value when multiplied by itself.

28.The speaker discussed many problems assumed to be extremely important for designing, constructing and handling new types of machines.

29.These series of tests were followed by others, no satisfactory results being obtained.

30.When treated, the wastes can be conditioned into a passive form and stored safely before final disposal.

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e.g.

Students like asking questions but they don’t like being asked.

Студенты любят задавать вопросы, но не любят, когда их спрашивают.

I remember having asked him, but I don’t remember having been answered.

Я помню, что спрашивала его, но не помню, чтобы мне ответили.

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WAYS OF TRANSLATING GERUNDIAL FORMS

Герундиальные формы можно переводить:

Exercise 1. Translate. Pay attention to the functions of the gerund.

A. Subject

1.Studying a foreign language is necessary for a future specialist.

2.Reading books enlarges one’s horizon.

3.Choosing a profession is not easy.

4.Working must be as natural as eating and drinking.

5.Experimenting is a scientific method.

6.Falling is a case of motion at constant acceleration.

7.Conducting heat and electricity is the property of most metals.

8.Using radioactive isotopes opens up new possibilities.

9.Establishing the relationship between the phenomena of the Universe is a major task of theory.

B. Part of Predicate

1.Seeing is believing.

2.Education is not just learning.

3.Their aim is improving the results.

4.He began translating the paper. He continued translating the paper. He stopped translating the paper.

5.His idea is developing a new technique. (He is developing a new technique.)

6.Our purpose is mastering the atom’s secrets. (Man is mastering the atom’s secrets).

7.The task is completing the experiment.

(The scientist is completing a series of experiments).

8.The system’s job is controlling the chain reaction.

C. Object

1.Most students like learning English.

2.We enjoy reading English books.

3.Speaking reflects thinking.

4.We are interested in experimenting.

5.I am fond of skiing.

D. Attribute

1.Which is the best method of (for) learning words?

2.There was no hope for completing the work.

3.Most students understand the importance of mastering English.

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E. Adverbial Modifier

1.Think before acting.

2.Learn to read by reading, learn to speak by speaking.

3.Can you learn a foreign language without reading books?

4.In using a symbol we must be sure that we know what it stands for.

5.In dealing with atomic particles, it is convenient to use a unit of energy called the electron-volt.

6.Robots can replace man in performing difficult and dangerous tasks.

7.Heat may be produced by burning fuels.

8.Nuclei can be made to release energy by splitting.

9.On carrying out his experiments Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.

10.Upon being heated to a high temperature, many metallic compounds are decomposed.

11.They won’t determine the value without using this equation.

12.All the transformations change energy from one form into another without affecting the total amount.

LEXICAL NOTES

I. The following verbs are followed by a gerund: to aim at – стремиться к …

to account for – объяснять что-то

to insist on (upon) – настаивать на … to rely on (upon) – полагаться на … to depend on (upon) – зависеть от …

to succeed in – преуспевать в (удаваться)

to prevent from – препятствовать, мешать чему-либо to result in – приводить к …

to result from – проистекать из … to object to – возражать против … to mind – возражать

to avoid – избегать

to give up – отказываться, бросать

to be interested in – интересоваться чем-либо to be fond of – любить, нравиться

to be capable of – быть способным

to be responsible for – быть ответственным за …

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