- •Introduction to the Computing……………………………………….5
- •Definitions.……………………………………………………………….45
- •Topics for Essays, Oral or Written Reports……………………….92
- •Introduction to the Computing
- •I.1 translate the following phrases.
- •I.4 Do you agree with the statements below? Correct the wrong ones.
- •I.5 Ask questions to each other.
- •I.6 Ask your fellow students some questions to each sentence.
- •I.9 a) Having read the dialogue above you should decide whether the following statements and suggestions are true or false. Change a false statement to make it true.
- •1. Prefix tables
- •I.10 Practise using underlined words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Not all the words you need are in the table above.
- •I.13 construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •I.18 a) Translate the following into Russian, mind the prefixes.
- •7. Space / time the following units of measure are used to define storage and transmission capacities
- •I.19 match the words with their definitions.
- •*** Key expressions to be used in your own Dialogues
- •I.22 Do you know the difference? Translate the words below the table & put them in.
- •I.23 Do you know these words? Translate them…
- •I.24 decide what the prefixes mean in the following.
- •I.25 Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the box.
- •I.26 a) Fill in the table below with the words underneath.
- •I.29 match the beginnings & the endings (there are several definitions for some terms).
- •I.30 Ask each other questions using the above-mentioned terms.
- •This is a computer Prereading Discussion
- •Text 1a Computing & Computers
- •1.2 Read the international words.
- •1.4 Staying their part of speech, translate the groups of words of the same root. Find different ones.
- •1.5 Translate the sentences.
- •1.6 Translate the sentences.
- •1.7 Translate the sentences.
- •1.8 B) match the following underlined phrases with the hints below the line.
- •1.9 Translate the sentences.
- •1.10 Translate the following phrases, mind the attributive groups.
- •1.11 Define the predicate & translate the sentences.
- •1.14 Complete the sentences:
- •Text1b Computer
- •Dialogue1.16 Dramatize the dialogue. Give your opinion about having a computer at home.
- •Vocabulary ratings
- •10-14 Correct: Good 15-17 correct: Excellent 18-20 correct: Exceptional
- •1.17 The statements below were results of the survey comparing boys and girls. Match the beginning with the endings. Girls… Boys…
- •Word Power
- •Text 1Cb) Read & translate the article, render it, & discuss the problem. Computer Studies?
- •1.18 A) find in text 1d underneath the answers to the questions.
- •1.19 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •1.20 Choose the definition to match the given terms.
- •1.21 Match the best term to the given definition.
- •1.24 Fill in the gaps using the words from the box below.
- •1.26 Say if these statements are true or false (correct the false ones).
- •Unit Two
- •Choosing the right meaning
- •Ability n. Способность; умение; 2. Дарования, способности
- •2.2 Translate the words of the same root.
- •2.3 Match the synonyms.
- •2.4 Translate the phrases.
- •2.4 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •2.7 Translate the following.
- •2.8 Complete the sentences according to the text.
- •Dialogue 2.10 Dramatize the dialogue & make your own ones. Using portable calculators
- •Text 2b Prehistory
- •2.12 A) Translate the following words. B) Give some examples from the dictionary.
- •2.13 Match the antonyms (there may be more then two of them).
- •2.14 A) Match the synonyms (there are more than two of them).
- •2.15 Find the answers to the questions below in text 2c.
- •2.16 Match the beginnings & the endings.
- •2.17 Say if the following statements are true or false. Change the false into the true ones.
- •2.18 Make your own dialogue about the prehistory of mind tools.
- •2.20 Answer the following questions & add your own to make a dialogue according to the text read.
- •2.21 Put in the proper words from the box.
- •2.22 Translate the sentences, mind the underlined words.
- •2.23 Translate into English.
- •How Modern Are You?
- •Add up Your Score and Read the Analysis
- •The Analysis
- •Unit three Computer Generations
- •The evolutionofcomputersinterms ofgenerations.
- •If therewerenocomputerstheyhadtobethoughtout.
- •3.1 Choose the proper term for each definition.
- •3.2 Choose the proper definition for the term, & translate them.
- •3.5 Find antonyms for the following words:
- •3.8 Find Russian equivalents for the given below.
- •3.12 Ask your interlocutors
- •3.13 Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •3.14 Translate the sentences below, mind the underlined words.
- •Dialogue 3.15 Complete the dialogue. Basic units of a computer
- •Dialogue 3.16 Complete the dialogue. Computer generations
- •What does the term the Fifth Generation describe?
- •It describes … .
- •3.17 Define the parts of speech & translate these words.
- •3.18 Translate.
- •3.19 Find Russian equivalents to the following words & phrases.
- •3.20 Translate these sentences.
- •3.21 Translate these sentences, say if the verb to have is: a) notional, b) auxiliary, c) modal, d) a part of a set phrase.
- •3.22 Define the -ed form & translate the sentences.
- •3.26 Translate into English.
- •Computer Systems
- •Handle n. 1. Ручка, рукоять, рукоятка; V.T. 2. Трогать, брать; обращаться, справляться 3. Торговать;
- •Amount n. 1. Сумма; 2. Количество; V.I. 3. Составлять, достигать, быть равным / равносильным; сводиться к;
- •4.3 Put the nouns into the proper column, add their meanings.
- •4.4 Find English equivalents to the following.
- •4.5 Using a dictionary match synonyms (a - b).
- •4.6 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •4.7 Match each component in column I with its definition.
- •4.7 Complete the table in your exercise books.
- •4.8 Guess or Match the following abbreviations with the phrases and meanings.
- •4.13 Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common 'computer' words and phrases given below.
- •4.14 Complete this text with the words from the box.
- •4.15 Do you remember the English terms for the following?
- •4.16 Make sure you know what these mean in English.
- •4.17 Arrange the following terms around the most general one.
- •4.18 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •4.25 Translate the sentences.
- •4.29 State the function of the infinitive and translate the following.
- •4.31 Translate the following.
4.18 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
1. Microcomputers will be everywhere in the future. 2.There is no limit to what microcomputers can do. 3. A microcomputer is composed of a microprocessor, a memory and peripheral equipment, it has instruction sets. 4. Microcomputers are far superior to minicomputers.
4.19 Find synonyms in Text 4B1 to: named / quickly / to join / play / usually / to consider / very big.
4.20 Find antonyms: lately / incapable / rough / weak / seldom / high / decrease.
4.21 Fill in the gaps with: rapidly / rapidly / robots / processing / relatively / latest / software / tremendous / destined / specialized / multi-billion dollar / potential / tenfold / capable
1.Microcomputer … is developing … and it now covers a … range of applications. 2. Micros are the ... of many TV game ... . 3. Different micros are available with 8-, 16-bit ... lengths. 4. The … range of microcomputer systems is evolving more rapidly than minicomputers. 5. Because of their incredibly low price, it is now … to use only a small fraction of the computer's capability in a particular system application and still be far ahead financially of any other way of getting the job done. 6. Thousands of industrial … are in use today, and the number is growing very … as this … new industry improves the price and performance of its products by using the … microcomputers. 7. As well as data … , software can also be written for … tasks even as complex as navigating rockets. 8. Some modern micros are even … of multitasking. 8. they are … for many new uses from more complex calculators to automobile engine operation and medical diagnostics. 9. There is also a rapidly growing market for personal computers whose application … in education is only just beginning to be exploited. 10. There are those who predict that the home and hobby computer markets, and the education market, will grow into … … enterprises within a decade or so. 11. It would also appear that performance of microprocessors could well increase … before 1995 while prices for micros could decrease by as much.
Text 4B2
Read to know more about the subject. Disscuss the problem.
The History of Personal Computers
(1) The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore introduced the first off-the-shelf1 computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8-bit microprocessor with a maximum of 64K of memory and floppy disks for storage. The Apple II, Atari 500, and Commodore 64 became popular home computers, and Apple was successful in companies after the VisiCalc spreadsheet was introduced. However, the business world was soon dominated by the Z80 processor and CP/M operating system, used by countless vendors in the early 1980s, such as Vector Graphic, NorthStar, Osborne and Kaypro. By 1983, hard disks began to show up on these machines, but CP/M was soon to be history.
(2) In 1981, IBM introduced the PC, an Intel 8088-based machine, slightly faster than the genre, but with 10 times the memory. It was floppy-based, and its DOS operating system from Microsoft was also available for the clone makers (MS-DOS). The 8088 was cleverly chosen so that CP/M software vendors could convert to it easily. They did!
(3) DBASE II was introduced in 1981 bringing mainframe database functions to the personal computer level and launching an entire industry of compatible products and add-ons. Lotus 1-2-3 was introduced in 1982, and its refined interface and combined graphics helped spur sales of the new standard. The IBM PC was successfully cloned by Compaq and unsuccessfully by others. However, by the time IBM announced the AT in 1984, vendors were effectively cloning the PC and, as a group, eventually grabbed the majority of the PC market.
(4) In 1983, Apple introduced the Lisa, a graphics-based machine that simulated the user's desktop. Although ahead of its time, Lisa was abandoned for the Macintosh in 1984. The graphics-based desktop environment caught on with the Mac, especially in desktop publishing, and the graphical interface, or "gooey," (GUI) worked its way to the PC world with Microsoft Windows, and, eventually Ventura Publisher with its GEM interface. In 1986, the Compaq 386 ushered in the first Intel 386-based machine. In 1987, IBM introduced the PS/2, its next generation of personal computers, which added improved graphics, 3.5" floppy disks and an incompatible bus to help fend off the cloners. OS/2, jointly developed by IBM and Microsoft, was also introduced to handle the new machines, but the early versions didn't catch on.
(5) In the same year, more powerful Macintoshes were introduced, including the Mac SE and Mac II, which opened new doors for Apple. In 1989, the PC makers introduced 486-based computers, and Apple gave us faster Macs, which it has continued to do each year since. In 1990, Microsoft's introduced Windows 3.0,
which is rapidly becoming the most widely-used graphical environment. Software publishers are developing Windows versions of all their products.
(6) In 1991, Microsoft and IBM decided to go it alone each working on their own version of the future PC operating system (IBM's OS/2 2.0 and Microsoft's Windows NT). OS/2 2.0 has been moderately successful, and Windows NT is expected to gain market share.
(7) 1992 was the year of PC price cuts with all major suppliers slashing prices to keep in line with mail-order vendors, such as Gateway 2000. Gateway, along with others, drove down the cost of high-end systems by mail. Prices keep getting lower, machines keep getting faster.
(8) In 1993, Intel introduced its Pentium CPU, successor to the 486. It contains 3,100,000 transistors and is 300 times faster than the original PC. As a result, the 486 has become the entry level PC.
(9) Inspired by Radio Shack's Model 100 in 1984 and ignited by Toshiba and Zenith, the laptop market provides a fascinating growth area in personal computing. More circuits are being stuffed into less space, providing computing power on the go that few would have imagined back in 1977. Just as the IBM and compatible PC world matures, the joint venture of IBM, Apple and Motorola arrives to challenge the personal computer industry once again. In 1993, IBM and Motorola introduced their first PowerPC chips, an entirely new desktop architecture that can be used to run almost all existing applications while providing an advanced platform for the future. As of the beginning of 1995, over a million PowerPC chips have been shipped as the CPUs in Apple PowerMacs and various IBM RS/6000 workstations.
(10) THE FUTURE The personal computer industry sprang up without any planning. All of a sudden, it was there. Machines were bought to solve individual problems, such as automating a budget or typing a letter. However, in large organizations, the real data exists in the mainframe, and it doesn't make sense to have an employee retype the mainframe reports into the micro in order to analyze and manipulate it. Personal computers can serve as invaluable tools for the user when they are designed into the fabric of the organization. The major issue of the 1990s is to tie them together in LANs and interconnect them with the company's minis and mainframes.
(11) Fast personal computers are changing the marketplace. Not only do they compete with minicomputer workstations, but, networks of these machines are rapidly replacing traditional minicomputer and mainframe systems.
High-powered desktop computers will encourage the development of more artificial intelligence applications that are the backbone of the next computing generation. By the turn of the century, you should be able to talk to your computer as easily as typing on it.
(12) As stand-alone machines, personal computers have placed creative capacity into the hands of an individual that would have cost millions of dollars less than 25 years ago. It slowly but surely is shifting the balance of power from the large company to the small, from the elite to the masses, from the wealthy to individuals of modest means. The personal computer has revolutionized the computer industry and the world.
NB 1off-the-shelf имеющийся в готовом виде, имеющийся в наличии.
2GUI (Graphical User Interface) A graphics-based user interface that incorporates icons, pull-down menus and a mouse. The GUI has become the standard way users interact with a computer. The three major GUIs are Windows, Macintosh and Motif. In a client/server environment, the GUI resides in the user's client machine.
Text 4C The Input & output Units
read the text below & make a list of key words.
(1) Before work can begin on a machine it is first necessary to load or fill the store with the programme and the data to be operated upon. The part of the computer that takes in information is called the input unit.
(2) Thе most powerful present-day computers can take in information and remember it at the rate of about 100,000 characters per second. A character is either a letter of the alphabet or a decimal digit. These characters are regularly expressed for the computer's purposes as a pattern of 1's and 0's.
(3) Characters are handled bу the computer in standard groups called ‘machine words’ or just ‘words’. A common length of a word is 12 characters. A machine word may consist of decimal digits only or letters only or some of both.
Modern computers make use of the various input devices. For example: 1) a key punch, which produces either punched cards or punched paper tape; 2) a keyboard magnetic tape typer which produces recorded magnetic tape and many оthers.
The machine must have a way of putting out information as well. The part of the computer that puts out information is called the output unit. The computer must put out information in a form acceptable to human beings.
Output devices which may produce information are: 1) punched card reader, using electrical or mechanical sensing; 2) punched tape reader, using electrical, mechanical or photoelectric sensing; 3) magnetic tape reader; 4) electric typewriter, etc.
Computer systems used for process control require conversion unit to connect a digital computer with an analogue process and vice versa. Such devices are called converters and may be analogue-to-digital or digital-to-analogue converters.
4.22 Find equivalents for: a) store / variable / acceptable / magnetic tap typer / human being / electric typewriter / flexibility / available; b) Перфокарта / машинный язык / форма / приемлемая для человека / считывающее устройство / устройство, считывающее с перфокарт, использующее электрическое, механическое или фотоэлектрическое считывание / аналого-цифровой преобразователь.
4.23 Match the synonyms: |
4.24 Match the antonyms: | ||
to take in to load to begin to give sensing typer unit |
block to start to produce to put in reading to fill recorder |
to put in recorder light to begin input hardware to increase |
to decrease software reader to stop to put out dark output |