- •Introduction to the Computing……………………………………….5
- •Definitions.……………………………………………………………….45
- •Topics for Essays, Oral or Written Reports……………………….92
- •Introduction to the Computing
- •I.1 translate the following phrases.
- •I.4 Do you agree with the statements below? Correct the wrong ones.
- •I.5 Ask questions to each other.
- •I.6 Ask your fellow students some questions to each sentence.
- •I.9 a) Having read the dialogue above you should decide whether the following statements and suggestions are true or false. Change a false statement to make it true.
- •1. Prefix tables
- •I.10 Practise using underlined words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Not all the words you need are in the table above.
- •I.13 construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •I.18 a) Translate the following into Russian, mind the prefixes.
- •7. Space / time the following units of measure are used to define storage and transmission capacities
- •I.19 match the words with their definitions.
- •*** Key expressions to be used in your own Dialogues
- •I.22 Do you know the difference? Translate the words below the table & put them in.
- •I.23 Do you know these words? Translate them…
- •I.24 decide what the prefixes mean in the following.
- •I.25 Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the box.
- •I.26 a) Fill in the table below with the words underneath.
- •I.29 match the beginnings & the endings (there are several definitions for some terms).
- •I.30 Ask each other questions using the above-mentioned terms.
- •This is a computer Prereading Discussion
- •Text 1a Computing & Computers
- •1.2 Read the international words.
- •1.4 Staying their part of speech, translate the groups of words of the same root. Find different ones.
- •1.5 Translate the sentences.
- •1.6 Translate the sentences.
- •1.7 Translate the sentences.
- •1.8 B) match the following underlined phrases with the hints below the line.
- •1.9 Translate the sentences.
- •1.10 Translate the following phrases, mind the attributive groups.
- •1.11 Define the predicate & translate the sentences.
- •1.14 Complete the sentences:
- •Text1b Computer
- •Dialogue1.16 Dramatize the dialogue. Give your opinion about having a computer at home.
- •Vocabulary ratings
- •10-14 Correct: Good 15-17 correct: Excellent 18-20 correct: Exceptional
- •1.17 The statements below were results of the survey comparing boys and girls. Match the beginning with the endings. Girls… Boys…
- •Word Power
- •Text 1Cb) Read & translate the article, render it, & discuss the problem. Computer Studies?
- •1.18 A) find in text 1d underneath the answers to the questions.
- •1.19 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •1.20 Choose the definition to match the given terms.
- •1.21 Match the best term to the given definition.
- •1.24 Fill in the gaps using the words from the box below.
- •1.26 Say if these statements are true or false (correct the false ones).
- •Unit Two
- •Choosing the right meaning
- •Ability n. Способность; умение; 2. Дарования, способности
- •2.2 Translate the words of the same root.
- •2.3 Match the synonyms.
- •2.4 Translate the phrases.
- •2.4 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •2.7 Translate the following.
- •2.8 Complete the sentences according to the text.
- •Dialogue 2.10 Dramatize the dialogue & make your own ones. Using portable calculators
- •Text 2b Prehistory
- •2.12 A) Translate the following words. B) Give some examples from the dictionary.
- •2.13 Match the antonyms (there may be more then two of them).
- •2.14 A) Match the synonyms (there are more than two of them).
- •2.15 Find the answers to the questions below in text 2c.
- •2.16 Match the beginnings & the endings.
- •2.17 Say if the following statements are true or false. Change the false into the true ones.
- •2.18 Make your own dialogue about the prehistory of mind tools.
- •2.20 Answer the following questions & add your own to make a dialogue according to the text read.
- •2.21 Put in the proper words from the box.
- •2.22 Translate the sentences, mind the underlined words.
- •2.23 Translate into English.
- •How Modern Are You?
- •Add up Your Score and Read the Analysis
- •The Analysis
- •Unit three Computer Generations
- •The evolutionofcomputersinterms ofgenerations.
- •If therewerenocomputerstheyhadtobethoughtout.
- •3.1 Choose the proper term for each definition.
- •3.2 Choose the proper definition for the term, & translate them.
- •3.5 Find antonyms for the following words:
- •3.8 Find Russian equivalents for the given below.
- •3.12 Ask your interlocutors
- •3.13 Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •3.14 Translate the sentences below, mind the underlined words.
- •Dialogue 3.15 Complete the dialogue. Basic units of a computer
- •Dialogue 3.16 Complete the dialogue. Computer generations
- •What does the term the Fifth Generation describe?
- •It describes … .
- •3.17 Define the parts of speech & translate these words.
- •3.18 Translate.
- •3.19 Find Russian equivalents to the following words & phrases.
- •3.20 Translate these sentences.
- •3.21 Translate these sentences, say if the verb to have is: a) notional, b) auxiliary, c) modal, d) a part of a set phrase.
- •3.22 Define the -ed form & translate the sentences.
- •3.26 Translate into English.
- •Computer Systems
- •Handle n. 1. Ручка, рукоять, рукоятка; V.T. 2. Трогать, брать; обращаться, справляться 3. Торговать;
- •Amount n. 1. Сумма; 2. Количество; V.I. 3. Составлять, достигать, быть равным / равносильным; сводиться к;
- •4.3 Put the nouns into the proper column, add their meanings.
- •4.4 Find English equivalents to the following.
- •4.5 Using a dictionary match synonyms (a - b).
- •4.6 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •4.7 Match each component in column I with its definition.
- •4.7 Complete the table in your exercise books.
- •4.8 Guess or Match the following abbreviations with the phrases and meanings.
- •4.13 Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common 'computer' words and phrases given below.
- •4.14 Complete this text with the words from the box.
- •4.15 Do you remember the English terms for the following?
- •4.16 Make sure you know what these mean in English.
- •4.17 Arrange the following terms around the most general one.
- •4.18 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •4.25 Translate the sentences.
- •4.29 State the function of the infinitive and translate the following.
- •4.31 Translate the following.
4.13 Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common 'computer' words and phrases given below.
soft... / a computer …/ a word ... /…-ROM / floppy … / laser … / …-friendly / ...-literate / key… / lap… / spread... / -mail / hard… / hard … / …processor / …ware
4.14 Complete this text with the words from the box.
Using a Computer for Word Processing
graphics / cut / graphics / save / back-up / back-up / computer / printed / down / save |
I wrote a report on the … this morning. When I finished, I … out two copies - one for me and one for my boss. Then, without any warning, the computer went …, and I'm afraid I lost the whole document. This is very unusual because normally I … the data while I'm writing and then make a … copy when I have finished; this morning I forgot.
Anyway, I gave the report to my boss, hoping that she would not ask me to change it in any way. She did. She thought it was a bit long and said it would be better if I used more … to illustrate some of the written information. She also thought it would make the report look more attractive.
I went back and rewrote most of the report when the computer was OK, only I … part of the middle section which was rather repetitive, and I added extra … as my boss advised. It did look better by the time I'd finished, and this time I remembered to … it and make a … copy.
4.15 Do you remember the English terms for the following?
Выходить из строя (3), запасная копия (2), электронная почта, электронный адрес (2), сообщение по электронной почте, сохранять (2), удобно для пользователя, гибкий диск, большая ЭВМ, компакт-диск, программа для создания таблиц, компьютерно грамотный, «железо» (аппаратное обеспечение), программное обеспечение, устройства ввода – вывода, набор команд, обрабатывать (2) данные, выполнять (2), большое количество информации, система (2).
4.16 Make sure you know what these mean in English.
Internet; user-friendly; to crash; a bug; a back-up copy; a storage device; an input device; an output device; a main memory; CPU; a processor; data; a program, the output, the input, software, hardware, peripheral, mainframe computers.
4.17 Arrange the following terms around the most general one.
mainframes / minicomputers / micros / (particular) information / a program / some data / a set of instructions / an order / special computer languages / shareware / operations / processes / numbers / names / measurements / data / the pieces of equipment / running / putting into operation / executing / the output / the input / bugs / viruses / CPU / the electronic units / the processor / the main memory / the motherboard / the network / a mouse / a keyboard / a printer / head-phones / a modem / a sound device / a microphone / loudspeakers / ear-phones / a camera / a video-device / Cd-Rom / floppy disks / cables / telephone wires / telephone connections / processing / controlling / the brain / the main memory / storing / using programs and data / playing games / playing back music / input devices / output devices / storage devices / the permanent storage/ making, editing, printing texts, pictures, photographs, films / educating / devices, which can be connected to the CPU / feeding information in / bringing it out / displaying the processed data / a monitor / VDU / paper / hardcopy / back-up copy / files / folders / magnetic tape / magnetic disks / the storage medium / punched cards / computers / e-mail / local host / a login / a password /a mail path / a mail reflector /a mail server / a netiquette / a server / a remote host / a server application |
1. Computers may be … . 2. the input usually consists of … 3. A program can include … . 4. Computer functioning includes … . 5. Data is …, for example, … . 6. The output is … . 7. … are called software. 8. … are known as hardware. 9. The CPU consists of … . 10. The processor is … . 11. the computer system contains … . 12. computer enables … . 13. … are known as peripherals. 14. input devices are the following: … . 15. … are called output devices. 16. A storage device is made up of … . 17. Internet includes … among others.
Text 4B1 Read the text below & make a back translation.
Microcomputers
(1) The early 1970s saw the birth of the microcomputer. (2) The central processor of the micro, called the microprocessor, is build as a single semiconductor device; that is, the thousands of individual circuit elements necessary to perform all the logical and arithmetic functions of a computer are manufactured as a single chip. (3) A complete microcomputer system is composed of a microprocessor, a memory and peripheral equipment. (4) The processor, memory and electronic controls for the peripheral equipment are usually put together on a Single or on a few printed circuit boards. (5) Systems using microprocessors can be hooked up together to do the work that until recently only minicomputer systems were capable of doing. Micros generally have somewhat simpler and less flexible instruction set than minis, and are typically much slower. (6) Different micros are available with 8-and 16-bit word lengths, and some new ones use 32-bit chips. Similarly, minis are available with word lengths up to 32 bits. (7) Although minis can be equipped with much larger primary memory sizes, micros are becoming more powerful and converging with minicomputer technology. (8) The extremely low price of micros has opened up entirely new areas of application for computers. Only 20 years or so ago, a central processing unit of medium capability sold for a few hundred thousand dollars (U.S.), and now some microprocessors sell for as cheaply as $10. (9) Of course, by the time you have a usable microcomputer system, the price will be somewhere between $200 and $5000 depending on the display unit, secondary storage, and whatever other peripherals are needed. (10) The available range of microcomputer systems is evolving more rapidly than minicomputers. Because of their incredibly low price, it is now possible to use only a small fraction of the computer's capability in a particular system application and still be far ahead financially of any other way of getting the job done. (11) Thousands of industrial robots are in use today, and the number is growing very rapidly as this relatively new industry improves the price and performance of its products by using the latest microcomputers. (12) Microcomputer software is developing rapidly and it now covers a tremendous range of applications. As well as data processing, software can also be written for specialized tasks even as complex as navigating rockets. (13) Some modern micros are even capable of multitasking. In addition to their extensive use in control systems of all types, they are destined for many new uses from more complex calculators to automobile engine operation and medical diagnostics. They are already used in automobile emission control systems and are the basis of many TV game attachments. (14) There is also a rapidly growing market for personal computers whose application potential in education is only just beginning to be exploited. It would seem that the limits for microcomputer applications have by no means been reached. (15) There are those who predict that the home and hobby computer markets, and the education market, will grow into multi-billion dollar enterprises within a decade or so. (16) It would also appear that performance of microprocessors could well increase tenfold while prices for micros could decrease by as much. |
Рождение микрокомпьютеров произошло в начале 70х годов. Центральный процессор микрокомпьютера, называемый микропроцессор, построен как один полупроводниковый прибор; то есть таким образом, что тысячи отдельных схемных элементов, необходимых для выполнения всех логических и арифметических операций, изготавливаются как один кристалл (чип). Полная микрокомпьютерная система состоит из микропроцессора, памяти и периферийных устройств. Процессор, память и электронное управление периферийными устройствами обычно помещаются вместе на одной или нескольких печатных платах. Системы, использующие микрокомпьютеры, могут быть "завязаны" друг с другом для исполнения того, на что до сих пор были способны только миникомпьютерные системы. Микрокомпьютеры, в общем, имеют несколько более простой и менее гибкий набор команд, и обычно менее быстродействующие. Существуют микрокомпьютеры с длиной слова 8 и 16 бит, а также новые, использующие 32-х битовые микросхемы. Аналогично, существуют миникомпьютеры с длиной слова до 32 бит. Хотя миникомпьютеры могут быть снабжены памятью гораздо больших размеров, микрокомпьютеры становятся более мощными и пересекаются во многом с технологией миникомпьютеров. Крайне низкая цена микрокомпьютеров открыла совершенно новые области применения вычислительной техники. Только 20 лет назад, или около того, центральный процессор средней мощности стоил несколько сотен тысяч долларов США, а теперь некоторые микропроцессоры продаются всего за 10 долларов. Конечно, ко времени, когда у вас будет действительно полезная микрокомпьютерная система, общая стоимость составит от 200 до 5000 долларов, в зависимости от типа дисплея, вторичной памяти и другой периферии. Доступный ассортимент микрокомпьютерных систем развивается быстрее, чем миникомпьютерный. Вследствие их невероятно низкой цены, в настоящее время возможно иметь преимущество в финансовом отношении относительно других способов выполнения работы, даже если использовать только небольшую часть мощности отдельной системы. Тысячи промышленных роботов сегодня находятся в эксплуатации, и это число быстро увеличивается по мере того, как эта относительно новая отрасль улучшает показатели цены и параметры своей продукции вследствие использования новейших микрокомпьютеров. Программное обеспечение микрокомпьютеров развивается быстрыми темпами и в настоящее время имеет обширную область применения. Возможно создать программное обеспечение не только для обработки данных, но и для специальных задач, например, таких, как управление ракетами. Некоторые современные микрокомпьютеры могут даже быть многозадачными. В дополнение к их широкому использованию в управляющих системах всех типов, они предназначаются для многих новых применений - от более сложных вычислений до управления автомобильными двигателями и медицинским диагностированием. Они уже используются в автомобильной системе управления впрыском и являются основой для многих телевизионных игровых приставок. Также постоянно расширяется рынок персональных компьютеров, чьи потенциальные возможности применения в области образования только начинают использоваться. Создается впечатление, что пределы применения микрокомпьютеров еще не достигнуты. Некоторые считают, что в течение приблизительно десяти лет рынок домашних и любительских компьютеров, а также образовательный рынок, вырастут в мульти-миллиардные предприятия. Возможно также, что производительность микропроцессоров вполне может увеличиться в десятки раз, в то время как цена на них во столько же раз упадет. |
(P.Brown, N.Mullen. English for Computer Science, 1987).