- •Introduction to the Computing……………………………………….5
- •Definitions.……………………………………………………………….45
- •Topics for Essays, Oral or Written Reports……………………….92
- •Introduction to the Computing
- •I.1 translate the following phrases.
- •I.4 Do you agree with the statements below? Correct the wrong ones.
- •I.5 Ask questions to each other.
- •I.6 Ask your fellow students some questions to each sentence.
- •I.9 a) Having read the dialogue above you should decide whether the following statements and suggestions are true or false. Change a false statement to make it true.
- •1. Prefix tables
- •I.10 Practise using underlined words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Not all the words you need are in the table above.
- •I.13 construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •I.18 a) Translate the following into Russian, mind the prefixes.
- •7. Space / time the following units of measure are used to define storage and transmission capacities
- •I.19 match the words with their definitions.
- •*** Key expressions to be used in your own Dialogues
- •I.22 Do you know the difference? Translate the words below the table & put them in.
- •I.23 Do you know these words? Translate them…
- •I.24 decide what the prefixes mean in the following.
- •I.25 Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the box.
- •I.26 a) Fill in the table below with the words underneath.
- •I.29 match the beginnings & the endings (there are several definitions for some terms).
- •I.30 Ask each other questions using the above-mentioned terms.
- •This is a computer Prereading Discussion
- •Text 1a Computing & Computers
- •1.2 Read the international words.
- •1.4 Staying their part of speech, translate the groups of words of the same root. Find different ones.
- •1.5 Translate the sentences.
- •1.6 Translate the sentences.
- •1.7 Translate the sentences.
- •1.8 B) match the following underlined phrases with the hints below the line.
- •1.9 Translate the sentences.
- •1.10 Translate the following phrases, mind the attributive groups.
- •1.11 Define the predicate & translate the sentences.
- •1.14 Complete the sentences:
- •Text1b Computer
- •Dialogue1.16 Dramatize the dialogue. Give your opinion about having a computer at home.
- •Vocabulary ratings
- •10-14 Correct: Good 15-17 correct: Excellent 18-20 correct: Exceptional
- •1.17 The statements below were results of the survey comparing boys and girls. Match the beginning with the endings. Girls… Boys…
- •Word Power
- •Text 1Cb) Read & translate the article, render it, & discuss the problem. Computer Studies?
- •1.18 A) find in text 1d underneath the answers to the questions.
- •1.19 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •1.20 Choose the definition to match the given terms.
- •1.21 Match the best term to the given definition.
- •1.24 Fill in the gaps using the words from the box below.
- •1.26 Say if these statements are true or false (correct the false ones).
- •Unit Two
- •Choosing the right meaning
- •Ability n. Способность; умение; 2. Дарования, способности
- •2.2 Translate the words of the same root.
- •2.3 Match the synonyms.
- •2.4 Translate the phrases.
- •2.4 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •2.7 Translate the following.
- •2.8 Complete the sentences according to the text.
- •Dialogue 2.10 Dramatize the dialogue & make your own ones. Using portable calculators
- •Text 2b Prehistory
- •2.12 A) Translate the following words. B) Give some examples from the dictionary.
- •2.13 Match the antonyms (there may be more then two of them).
- •2.14 A) Match the synonyms (there are more than two of them).
- •2.15 Find the answers to the questions below in text 2c.
- •2.16 Match the beginnings & the endings.
- •2.17 Say if the following statements are true or false. Change the false into the true ones.
- •2.18 Make your own dialogue about the prehistory of mind tools.
- •2.20 Answer the following questions & add your own to make a dialogue according to the text read.
- •2.21 Put in the proper words from the box.
- •2.22 Translate the sentences, mind the underlined words.
- •2.23 Translate into English.
- •How Modern Are You?
- •Add up Your Score and Read the Analysis
- •The Analysis
- •Unit three Computer Generations
- •The evolutionofcomputersinterms ofgenerations.
- •If therewerenocomputerstheyhadtobethoughtout.
- •3.1 Choose the proper term for each definition.
- •3.2 Choose the proper definition for the term, & translate them.
- •3.5 Find antonyms for the following words:
- •3.8 Find Russian equivalents for the given below.
- •3.12 Ask your interlocutors
- •3.13 Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •3.14 Translate the sentences below, mind the underlined words.
- •Dialogue 3.15 Complete the dialogue. Basic units of a computer
- •Dialogue 3.16 Complete the dialogue. Computer generations
- •What does the term the Fifth Generation describe?
- •It describes … .
- •3.17 Define the parts of speech & translate these words.
- •3.18 Translate.
- •3.19 Find Russian equivalents to the following words & phrases.
- •3.20 Translate these sentences.
- •3.21 Translate these sentences, say if the verb to have is: a) notional, b) auxiliary, c) modal, d) a part of a set phrase.
- •3.22 Define the -ed form & translate the sentences.
- •3.26 Translate into English.
- •Computer Systems
- •Handle n. 1. Ручка, рукоять, рукоятка; V.T. 2. Трогать, брать; обращаться, справляться 3. Торговать;
- •Amount n. 1. Сумма; 2. Количество; V.I. 3. Составлять, достигать, быть равным / равносильным; сводиться к;
- •4.3 Put the nouns into the proper column, add their meanings.
- •4.4 Find English equivalents to the following.
- •4.5 Using a dictionary match synonyms (a - b).
- •4.6 Match the following with the hints below the line.
- •4.7 Match each component in column I with its definition.
- •4.7 Complete the table in your exercise books.
- •4.8 Guess or Match the following abbreviations with the phrases and meanings.
- •4.13 Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common 'computer' words and phrases given below.
- •4.14 Complete this text with the words from the box.
- •4.15 Do you remember the English terms for the following?
- •4.16 Make sure you know what these mean in English.
- •4.17 Arrange the following terms around the most general one.
- •4.18 Express the main idea of the article above using the following.
- •4.25 Translate the sentences.
- •4.29 State the function of the infinitive and translate the following.
- •4.31 Translate the following.
3.1 Choose the proper term for each definition.
1. An ancient instrument for caclulations is …
a) a chip; b) an abacus; c) Analytical Engine;
2. A closed glass electron tube with no air in it, used for controlling a flow of electricity as in radio or TV is …
a) a transistor; b) a vacuum tube; c) a cathode ray tube.
3. A computer that can simulate different measurements by electronic means and continuously works out calculations is…
a) a digital computer; b) an analogue computer) c) a calculator.
4. A small semiconductor which operates as an amplifier is…
a) a chip; b) a transistor; c) a vacuum tube.
5. Making things on a very small scale is …
a) microminiaturization; b) multiprogramming; c) representation.
3.2 Choose the proper definition for the term, & translate them.
a chip to count logarithm tables a digital computer a slide rule |
is are mean(s) |
a) to say the numerals in order to any point; b) an instrument used for calculation; c) a machine in which information is represented by one of two electric states: on or off; d) a square or rectangular piece of silicon upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched. e) those which show the exponent of the power to which a fixed number must be raised to produce a given number. |
3.3 express the the main idea of Text 3A using the following.
1. The Analytical Engine of Charles Babbage was the first computer but he never finished this work. 2. An American, named Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer in 1930. 3. Computers have gone through many changes, and now we have fourth-generation computers. 4. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.
3.4 Find synonyms for the following words in Text 3A.
simple / to carry out / up-to-date / quick / to try / small.
3.5 Find antonyms for the following words:
like / short / to increase / dependently / approximately / tiny / dependable / before / single / many / usually / faster / to complete / wrong / multiplying / real / to appear / exactly / to save / to reduce / except / necessary / building.
3.6 Fill in the gaps with: unlike / in / inside / into / on / from / out / to / during / for / of / by / without / with / at / instead of / per / about / onto / than / or / as… as / upon / after
1. Аn abacus is a bead frame in which the beads are moved … left … right. 2. Calculus, another branch … mathematics, was independently invented ... both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz. 3. The first real calculating machine appeared ... 1820 as the result ... several people's experiments. 4. A chip is a square or rectangular piece … silicon. 5. People went … using some form … abacus well … the 16th centure, and it is still being used … some parts of the world because it can be understood … knowing how to read. 6. … the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways … calculating. 7. This type … machine, which saves a great deal … time and reduces the possibility … making mistakes, depends … a series of ten-toothed gear wheels. 8. Babbage showed this machine … the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut … the human being altogether, except for providing the machine … the necessary facts … the problem to be solved. 9. The first analog computer was built … American named Vannevar Bush; it was used … Word War II to help aim guns. 10. Mark I, the name given … the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. 11. This was the first machine that could figure … long lists of mathematical problems all … a very fast rate. 12. The men responsible … this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people … IBM. 13. … 1947 John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions … the computer … the computer's memory. 14. UNIVAC I is an example … these computers which could perform thousand … calculations … second. 15. The reason … this extra speed was the use … transistors … … vacuum tubes. 16. The third-generation computers appeared … the market …1965. 17. … second-generation computers, these are controlled … tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. 18. the integrated circuits … the fourth-generation computers that are being developed have been greatly reduced … size. 19. This is due … microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller … before; … many … 1000 tiny circuits now fit … a single chip. 20. A chip is a square … rectangular piece of silicon, usually … 1/10 … 1/4 inch, … which several layers … an integrated circuit are etched … imprinted, … which the circuit is encapsulated … plastic … metal.
Dialogue 3.7 Fill in the gaps with suitable questions.
a look at the prehistory of the computers
…?
This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands.
…?
Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
…?
During the 17th and 18th centuries there were several attempts: J.Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables, which all mathematicians use today.
…?
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.
…?
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a series of ten-toothed gear wheels.
To answer the questions below read Text 3B underneath.
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Text 3B Babbage's Dream Comes True
(1) The Harvard Mark I A hundred years passed before a machine like the one Babbage conceived was actually built. This occurred in 1944, when Howard Aiken of Harvard University completed the Harvard Mark I Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.
(2) Aiken was not familiar with the Analytical Engine when he designed the Mark I. Later, after people had pointed out Babbage's work to him, he was amazed to learn how many of his ideas Babbage had anticipated.
(3) The Mark I is the closest thing to the Analytical Engine that has ever been built or ever will be. It was controlled by a punched paper tape, which played the same role as Babbage's punched cards. Like the Analytical Engine, it was basically mechanical. However, it was driven by electricity instead of steam. Electricity also served to transmit information from one part of the machine to another, replacing the complex mechanical linkages that Babbage had proposed. Using electricity (which had only been a laboratory curiosity in Babbage's time) made the difference between success, and failure.
(4) But, along with several other electromechanical computers built at about the same time, the Mark I was scarcely finished before it was obsolete. The electromechanical machines simply were not fast enough. Their speed was seriously limited by the time required for mechanical parts to move from one position to another. For instance, the Mark I took six seconds for a multiplication and twelve for a division; this was only five or six times faster than what a human with an old desk calculator could do.
(5) ENIAC What was needed was a machine whose computing, control, and memory elements were completely electrical. Then the speed of operation would be limited not by the speed of mechanical moving parts but by the much greater speed of moving electrons.
(6) In the late 1930s, John V. Atanasoff of Iowa State College demonstrated the elements of an electronic computer. Though his work did not become widely known, it did influence the thinking of John W. Mauchly, one of the designers of ENIAC.
(7) ENIAC — Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer — was the machine that rendered the electromechanical computers obsolete. ENIAC used vacuum tubes for computing and memory. For control, it used an electrical plug board, like a telephone switch-board. The connections on the plug board specified the sequence of operations ENIAC would carry out.
(8) ENIAC was 500 times as fast as the best electromechanical computer. A problem that took one minute to solve on ENIAC would require eight to ten hours on an electromechanical machine. After ENIAC, all computers would be electronic.
(9) ENIAC was the first of many computers with acronyms for names. The same tradition gave us EDVAC, UNIVAC, JOHNIAC, ILLIAC, and even MANIAC.
(10) EDVAC The Electronic Discrete Variable Computer — EDVAC — was constructed at about the same time as ENIAC. But EDVAC, influenced by the ideas of the brilliant Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann, was by far the more advanced of the two machines. Two innovations that first appeared in EDVAC have been incorporated in almost every computer since.
(11) First, EDVAC used binary notation to represent numbers inside the machine. Binary notation is a system for writing numbers that uses only two digits (0 and 1), instead of the ten digits (0-9) used in the conventional decimal notation. Binary notation is now recognized as the simplest way of representing numbers in an electronic machine.
(12) Second, EDVAC's program was stored in the machine's memory, just like the data. Previous computers had stored the program externally on punched tapes or plug boards. Since the programs were stored the same way the dataware, one program could manipulate another program as if it were data. We will see that such program-manipulating programs play a crucial role in modern computer systems.
(13) A stored-program computer — one whose program is stored in memory in the same form as its data — is usually called a van Neumann machine in honor of the originator of the stored-program concept.
(14) From the 1940s to the present, the technology used to build computers has gone through several revolutions. People sometimes speak of different generations of computers, with each generation using a different technology.
(15) The First Generation First-generation computers prevailed in the 1940s and for much of the 1950s. They used vacuum tubes for calculation, control, and sometimes for memory as well. First-generation machines used several other ingenious devices for memory. In one, for instance, information was stored as sound waves circulating in a column of mercury. Since all these first-generation memories are now obsolete, no further mention will be made of them.
(16) Vacuum tubes are bulky, unreliable, energy consuming, and generate large amounts of heat. As long as computers were tied down to vacuum tube technology, they could only be bulky, cumbersome, and expensive.
(17) The Second Generation In the late 1950s, the transistor became available to replace the vacuum tube. A transistor, which is only slightly larger than a kernel of corn, generates little heat and enjoys long life.
(18) At about the same time, the magnetic-core memory was introduced. This consisted of a latticework of wires on which were strung tiny, doughnut-shaped beads called cores. Electric currents flowing in the wires stored information by magnetizing the cores. Information could be stored in core memory or retrieved from it in about a millionth of a second.
(19) Core memory dominated the high-speed memory scene for much of the second and third generations. To programmers during this period, core and high-speed memory were synonymous.
(20) The Third Generation The early 1960s saw the introduction of integrated circuits, which incorporated hundreds of transistors on a single silicon chip. The chip itself was small enough to fit on the end of your finger; after being mounted in a protective package, it still would fit in the palm of your hand. With integrated circuits, computers could be made even smaller, less expensive, and more reliable.
(21) Integrated circuits made possible minicomputers, tabletop computers small enough and inexpensive enough to find a place in the classroom and the scientific laboratory.
(22) In the late 1960s, integrated circuits began to be used for high-speed memory, providing some competition for magnetic-core memory. The trend toward integrated-circuit memory has continued until today, when it has largely replaced magnetic-core memory.
(23) The most recent jump in computer technology came with the introduction of large-scale integrated circuits, often referred to simply as chips. Whereas the older integrated circuits contained hundred of transistors, the new ones contain thousands or tens of thousands.
(24) It is the large-scale integrated circuits that make possible the microprocessors and microcomputers. They also make possible compact, inexpensive, high-speed, high-capacity integrated-circuit memory.
(25) All these recent developments have resulted in a microprocessor revolution, which began in the middle 1970s and for which there is no end in sight.
(26) The Fourth Generation In addition to the common applications of digital watches, pocket calculators, and personal computers, you can find microprocessors — the general-purpose processor-on-a-chip — in virtually every machine in the home or business — microwave ovens, cars, copy machines, TV sets, and so on. Computers today are hundred times smaller than those of the first generation, and a single chip is far more powerful than ENIAC.
(27) The Fifth Generation The term was coined by the Japanese to describe the powerful, intelligent computers they wanted to build by the mid-1990s. Since then it has become an umbrella term, encompassing many research fields in the computer industry. Key areas of ongoing research are artificial intelligence (AI), expert systems, and natural language.