- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Theme 1 communication
- •1. Communication Structure. How do people communicate?
- •2. Objectives of communication
- •3. Communication skills
- •4. Channels of communication
- •5. Barriers to Communication
- •6. Success in communication
- •Please engage brain before opening mouth
- •7. Basic forms of communication
- •Verbal Communication
- •8. Communication spheres of translators
- •Reader Theme 2. Intercultural communication
- •1. Culture of communication
- •2. Intercultural communication
- •3. Translators in Cross-Cultural Communication
- •4. Culture and entertainment
- •Theme 3
- •Verbal communication
- •1. Verbal Communication
- •Verbal languages
- •2. Culture of verbal communication
- •Verbal Etiquette
- •3. Semantic and social nature of language
- •Introductions
- •3. Verbal Activities
- •Theme 4 telephoning
- •Introduction. Nowadays, even with e-mail and the Internet, the telephone is still the most common means of communication in business. Telephone is very important in modern business operations.
- •Words are missed
- •Words are misheard
- •The message is misunderstood.
- •Reader. Theme 5. Non-verbal communication
- •4.1. Introduction
- •4.2. Classification of non-verbal communication
- •4.3. Intercultural differences in non-verbal communication
- •4.4. Visiting another country
- •4.5. Professional skills of translators
- •Theme 6 Applying for a job
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The application itself
- •If possible make a photocopy of the blank form before you start. Use this to make a rough copy and then you can be sure that the final version is laid out as neatly as possible.
- •3. Interview
- •4. Translator in a job interview
- •Information to bring to an interview:
- •5. Cross-cultural interviews
- •6. Job interviews in the usa compared with other cultures
- •Reader. Theme 7
- •Interpersonal communication at work
- •1. Interpersonal Communication
- •2. Interpersonal skills
- •3. Communication climate
- •4. Relations and Processes in Workplace
- •5. People in the Office Environment
- •Reader. Theme 8. Meetings
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of meetings
- •3. Meeting procedure
- •Place a watch or clock in a prominent position so you are able to keep an eye on the time.
- •4. Chairing meetings
- •5. Duties of members (attendees, participants) at a meeting
- •6. Teleconferencing
- •7. International meetings
- •8. Business etiquette of the translator
- •8. Vocabulary. Meetings
- •Writing an agenda
- •An example of formal minutes
- •Reader Theme 9. Negotiations
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of negotiations
- •3. Stages in negotiation
- •4. Cross-cultural negotiations
- •1. The basis of the relationship
- •2. Information at negotiations
- •3. Negotiation styles
- •5. Grammar of diplomacy in negotiations
- •10 Being open to negotiation. The -ing forms.
- •12. Verbs patterns with recommend / suggest /advise
- •Reader. Unit 10. Presentation
- •1. Public communication
- •2. Presentation
- •Translator and presentation
- •3. From the life of famous orators
- •4. Preparation to presentation
- •5. Delivering a presentation
- •6. Language.
- •6. Public Communication in different cultures
- •7. Presentation language
2. Culture of verbal communication
Culture of verbal communication assumes the choice of language means for the human activities in certain communicative situations.
The verbal culture includes three components: normative, communicative and ethical.
The normative aspect. Verbal norms are established standards of speech behaviour maintained by a society. The norms of the verbal culture are the generally accepted rules of usage of language symbols in the human speech. The language norms regulate the verbal behaviour of a person in a society. There are phonetic, morphological, syntactical, and lexical norms. Standards of a language are the basis of the verbal culture. So, to communicate well in English, you should have a good command of the English language above all!
The communicative aspect of culture of speech controls the ability of an individual to find a precise means for their thought, and also the most appropriate means in certain situations and spheres of communication to fulfill the communicative task. Be aware in what situation you are!
The ethical component of the verbal culture includes the ethics of communication, which is interconnected with the culture of behaviour. Ethics of communication requires from people to observe some rules of verbal and non-verbal behaviour in certain situations.
Verbal Etiquette
Etiquette is interconnected with the culture of verbal communication, with verbal etiquette. Every day we use the expressions of verbal etiquette: we address people, thank them, make compliments, invite, advise, request and ask. Verbal etiquette is the norms of verbal behaviour, accepted in a society. It is a system of fixed communication formulas which verbally serve the etiquette of behaviour. They are called Conversational formulas. Conversational formulas are linguistic ways of expressing of verbal acts which are used in typical communicative situations – greeting, leave-taking, apologizing, gratitude, thanks, congratulation and so on.
3. Semantic and social nature of language
Language is a subtle medium, and it transmits information of both a semantic and social nature.
Semantic nature of language. Verbal communication involves several sorts of meaning at once. It is due to meaning of talk (speech) that we can communicate our message and understand other people. The meaning of a word is the connection between a word and the thing it represents which a particular group of people has chosen to make. English as a code can only be understood if both parties give the same meaning to the symbols that are used. There are three kinds of meaning.
Literal meaning of speech. The literal meaning of an utterance is what it would mean if you looked it word-for-word in a dictionary then applied the rules of grammar to it. According to literal meaning the correct answer to ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is “Yes, I am able to’. But this utterance is intended to mean ‘Would you pass me the salt, please’, and the listener is expected to simply pass the salt.
Action meaning of an utterance is what people should do. ‘Can you pass the salt’ suggests that the listener pass the salt and should not be answered ‘Yes’. The utterance ‘It’s hot in here’ can suggest that someone open a window.
Connotative meaning is additive meaning and suggests emotions and feelings. It often goes along with literal and action meaning. Connotation can be remarkably expressive and different. ‘Julie’ can become ‘Professor Smith’ when her secretary is irritated.
Social nature of language. Communication can be formal and informal. People speak differently to their families and intimate friends, to colleagues and to their bosses. Most people feel comfortable in informal situations, such as family, friends and perhaps close colleagues. In a workplace, it is important to maintain the formality of communication. Generally, the more formal the event, the more formal the speech. The skilled communicator will be able to adapt appropriately to situations at different levels of formality.
Social Settings
Many impressions formed during a party, dinner or golf game can make or break a key business arrangement, whether or not business is discussed directly. Always carry business cards. Arrive at a party at the stated time or up to 30 minutes later. (Not earlier than the stated time, under any circumstances.)