- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Theme 1 communication
- •1. Communication Structure. How do people communicate?
- •2. Objectives of communication
- •3. Communication skills
- •4. Channels of communication
- •5. Barriers to Communication
- •6. Success in communication
- •Please engage brain before opening mouth
- •7. Basic forms of communication
- •Verbal Communication
- •8. Communication spheres of translators
- •Reader Theme 2. Intercultural communication
- •1. Culture of communication
- •2. Intercultural communication
- •3. Translators in Cross-Cultural Communication
- •4. Culture and entertainment
- •Theme 3
- •Verbal communication
- •1. Verbal Communication
- •Verbal languages
- •2. Culture of verbal communication
- •Verbal Etiquette
- •3. Semantic and social nature of language
- •Introductions
- •3. Verbal Activities
- •Theme 4 telephoning
- •Introduction. Nowadays, even with e-mail and the Internet, the telephone is still the most common means of communication in business. Telephone is very important in modern business operations.
- •Words are missed
- •Words are misheard
- •The message is misunderstood.
- •Reader. Theme 5. Non-verbal communication
- •4.1. Introduction
- •4.2. Classification of non-verbal communication
- •4.3. Intercultural differences in non-verbal communication
- •4.4. Visiting another country
- •4.5. Professional skills of translators
- •Theme 6 Applying for a job
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The application itself
- •If possible make a photocopy of the blank form before you start. Use this to make a rough copy and then you can be sure that the final version is laid out as neatly as possible.
- •3. Interview
- •4. Translator in a job interview
- •Information to bring to an interview:
- •5. Cross-cultural interviews
- •6. Job interviews in the usa compared with other cultures
- •Reader. Theme 7
- •Interpersonal communication at work
- •1. Interpersonal Communication
- •2. Interpersonal skills
- •3. Communication climate
- •4. Relations and Processes in Workplace
- •5. People in the Office Environment
- •Reader. Theme 8. Meetings
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of meetings
- •3. Meeting procedure
- •Place a watch or clock in a prominent position so you are able to keep an eye on the time.
- •4. Chairing meetings
- •5. Duties of members (attendees, participants) at a meeting
- •6. Teleconferencing
- •7. International meetings
- •8. Business etiquette of the translator
- •8. Vocabulary. Meetings
- •Writing an agenda
- •An example of formal minutes
- •Reader Theme 9. Negotiations
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of negotiations
- •3. Stages in negotiation
- •4. Cross-cultural negotiations
- •1. The basis of the relationship
- •2. Information at negotiations
- •3. Negotiation styles
- •5. Grammar of diplomacy in negotiations
- •10 Being open to negotiation. The -ing forms.
- •12. Verbs patterns with recommend / suggest /advise
- •Reader. Unit 10. Presentation
- •1. Public communication
- •2. Presentation
- •Translator and presentation
- •3. From the life of famous orators
- •4. Preparation to presentation
- •5. Delivering a presentation
- •6. Language.
- •6. Public Communication in different cultures
- •7. Presentation language
3. Translators in Cross-Cultural Communication
Translators are active participants of cross-cultural communication; they are mediators (intermediaries) between nations and cultures. Translators help bring about communication between the members of different linguistic and cultural communities. Their aim is to promote understanding among different countries and nations, hence to improve communication across cultures.
A major challenge for translators is how to translate sufficiently in international situations. To communicate professionally, translators must be familiar with both cultures, the source and target culture. They should transfer the cultural message of the source language to the target readers or listeners, both faithfully and validly. In this case business communication of a translator with foreign people won’t create any problems and pauses at oral translation or language and meaning inaccuracy at written translation. Your translation will get more fidelity and validity, and you will become more successful in the global business environment and in the professional field of translation.
Effective Intercultural Communication of Translators
Success or effectiveness in professional communication depends on the intercultural competence of translator. Intercultural communication competence comprises two important components:
Intercultural awareness. This is knowledge and understanding the uniqueness of cultures around the world; readiness to understand and appreciate cultural differences in intercultural communication.
Intercultural skills. They are the skills of proper etiquette, manners, and intercultural communication.
There are two main ways for translators to improve their intercultural competence:
The first is to learn as much as possible – the language, idioms, cultural background and history, geography, political and economic conditions, religion and specific customs, public holidays, social rules of the specific culture, first of all of the English-speaking countries – the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada; then of other nations operating in Kazakhstan – Japan, China, Korea, Turkey, and others.
Knowledge is the key to effective cross-cultural communication of translators. It is essential that translators research the cultures and communication conventions of those whom they propose to meet and for whom to translate. These will minimize the risk of making the elementary mistakes.
The other is to develop general intercultural skills that will help to adapt in any culture and allow more faithful translation. Among these skills are the following:
Sending clear messages. Make your verbal and non-verbal messages consistent and appropriate.
Increasing your cultural sensitivity. Learn about variations in customs and practices.
Showing respect. Learn the ways in which respect is communicated through gestures, eye contact, and so on – in various cultures.
Being flexible. Be prepared to change your habits, preferences, and attitudes.
Emphasizing common ground. Look for similarities to work from.
Avoiding stereotypes and over-generalization.
Active listening. Listen carefully and, if in doubt, ask for confirmation of understanding.