- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
Complex sentence has 2 or more clauses (main & subordinate)
Attributive/relative clauses function as modifiers to a word of nominal character, which is generally called the antecedent. The two major types of relative clauses are restrictive/ defining relative clauses and non-restrictive/ non-defining relative clauses.
Restrictive/defining clauses identify more closely what the noun refers to. They are essential to the meaning and could not be eliminated, arn’t separated by a comma. Can be divided into: particularizing and classifying. A partic clause (тот самый, который) restricts the meaning of the antecedent by establishing a reference to a particular person or thing. Do you know the people who live next door& A classif cl (всякий, каждый из) the meaning of the antecedent by establishing a reference to a certain class of persons or things. Ind art is used She lectured on a topic I know little about. who? that, whom,which are used.
Non-defining relative clauses give further information which is not needed to identify the person, thing or group you are talking about. Non-defining relative clauses are usually separated by commas or dashes. These clauses are used mainly in writing rather than in speech.
Relative clauses after names and nouns modified by possessive and demonstrative pronouns are normally non-defining. My car, which I bought only last year, needs repairing.
33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
Oblique mood forms (Subjunctive II, Conditional and Suppositional) distinguish the categories of aspect, correlation and voice, but they have no tense category.
1.In attributive clauses after the expressions It is time, It is high time, It is about time: It's time I made up my mind.
In attributive clauses only non-perfect Subjunctive II is used.
2.In predicative clauses introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though. The predicative clauses with Subjunctive II immediately follow the link verbs be, seem, look, feel, sound: It was as if she were trying to tell him something. (simultaneous action) / feel as though I had never been away, (prior action)
3.In object clauses after the verb to wish and the modal phrase would rather:
I wish we were both about ten years older than we are. (simultaneous action) / wish I hadn't come, (prior action)
Sentences with wish-clauses express regret.
Would + Infinitive is possible only when the subject of the subordinate clause and that of the principal clause do not denote the same thing or person. The whole sentence expresses a kind of request. Would +Infinitive shows that the fulfillment of the wish depends on the will of the person denoted by the subject of the subordinate clause:
Iwish you would treat me better.
The Conditional Mood is used to denote unreal actions in simple sentences:
a)with an adverbial modifier of condition expressed by a but for-phrase He would not have come, but for me.
b)with implied condition:I wouldn't waste my time on rubbish in your place. (condition is implied in the phrase in your place
c)to sound polite, less straightforward. Here the Conditional
Mood differs from the Indicative only stylistically, the perfect Conditional expressing the highest degree of politeness:I should very much object to you reading trashy novels.(= I very much object ...)