2. Learn the words

Trade rout торговый путь

subsequent последующий

to be due должный (по соглашению)

ransom выкуп

rampart (крепостной ) вал

earthwork земляное укрепление

circumference округа

guard on охранять, сторожить

scattered houses разрозненные дома

narrow crooked street узкие кривые улочки

blind alley тупик

wretched wooden house жалкая деревянная лачуга

on closer inspection при пристальным взглядом

2.3 Answer the following questions without looking into the text

1.When was Moscow founded?

2.Who it was founded by?

3.Where was it situated?

4.What did Moscow look like in the 12^th century?

5.Moscow was walled in 1156, wasn’t it?

6.Why was it walled?

7.What was its economical and political development due to?

8.When was the city raised?

9.How long did it pay tribute to the Tatar Khans?

10.When did it rise against the Tatar rulers?

11.When did it grow stronger and become the capital of the state of Moscovy?

12.Its rulers continued to erect ramparts and fortifications, didn’t they?

13.How many walls and what walls had Moscow during the reign of Boris Godunov?

14.What was it guarded by in the South, East and West?

15.Where did streets radiated from?

16.What was the town divided into?

17.What was “sotni” and “slobodi” look like?

18.What were the foreigners who visited Moscow delighted with?

19.Was Moscow destroyed during the invasion of Napoleon?

20.How soon was it rebuilt?

2.4 Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences

1.At the beginning of the 18^th century Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg.

2.Moscow was surrounded by earthworks 14 km in circumference.

3.By the end of the 16^th century Moscow had three walls with towers.

2.5 Make up sentences with the following words and expressions

1.during the Tatar invasion, was razed, the city, in the 13^th century.

2.was due largely to, its subsequent economic and political development, its favourable geographic position.

3.150 self-governed settlements, the town itself, into, was divided, or districts.

2.6 Fill up the blanks with suitable words from the text

1.In the 12^th century the Moskva river was an important trade… .

2.The economic and political development of Moscow was due to its … geographical position.

3.Moscow was also … by earthworks.

4.Foreigners who visited Moscow in the 16^th century noted the … streets and … houses.

5.In 1812 four-fifths of Moscow were destroyed by … .

2.7 Put the prepositions ( as…as, as far back as, as, by, to, in, at, of, with)

1.Moscow was … its height … in the middle … the 19^th century.

2…. the invasion … Napoleon four-fifths … Moscow were destroyed … fire.

3…. the beginning … the 18^th century Peter the Great moved the capital … St. Petersburg.

4.Moscow was surrounded … walls.

5…. the 12^th century Moscow was known … a small state.

6…. Moscow was a military … well … an administrative and economic centre, its rulers continued to erect ramparts and fortifications.