- •Vocabulary
- •1. Read text 1 and choose (a), (b) or (c) to answer the questions or complete the statements.
- •2. Read the text again. For each statement 1 to 5 below choose a) right, b) wrong or c) doesn’t say. Correct the false statements.
- •3. Find modal verb forms or their equivalents and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4. Complete the sentences with can, could, may, must or have to.
- •5. Complete the sentences with appropriate word from the brackets.
- •6. Complete the sentences with the passive modal verb forms.
- •Text 2 The Branches of Government
- •Vocabulary
- •8. Read text 2. For each statement 1 to 10 below choose a) right, b) wrong or c) doesn’t say. Correct the false statements.
- •9. Read the text again. Match the functions with the right branch of power.
- •10. Rewrite the sentences, changing the active to the passive and adding by where necessary. Make any other necessary changes.
- •11. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets (present or past simple active or passive, participle I or II).
- •12. Use the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets where necessary.
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •13. Match the legal terms with their definitions.
- •14. In each line find the verb that does not go with the noun.
- •15. Match the adjectives 1 to 10 to the nouns that they go with. Make up 5 sentences with any of the collocations.
- •16. Give synonyms. Make up 7 sentences with any of them.
- •18. Translate the chains of words into Russian. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from each chain.
- •19. Choose a, b, c or d to complete the sentences.
- •20. Complete the following text with suitable words or phrases from the
- •21. Look again at Texts 1 and 2 and answer the questions.
- •22. Use Texts 1 and 2 to define the following terms.
- •23. Translate into English.
- •24. Speak on one of the following topics.
- •25. Discuss in groups.
11. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets (present or past simple active or passive, participle I or II).
A |
1. Courts (interpret) and (apply) laws (enact) by legislatures. 2. In Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, there (be) no distinction between criminal and civil law. 3. Unwritten constitutions (base) on a large body of established2 law and custom. 4. Last week the police (arrest) over two hundred people for drinking and driving. 5. Both the army and the police (involve) in the arrest of the terrorists at the Millennium Business Centre last Tuesday. 6. Governments today sometimes (rule) by leaders who took power by force. 7. The Roman law (be) the legal system not only in ancient Rome, but it (apply) throughout Europe until the eighteenth century. Many European modern laws still (influence) by Roman law. 8. Japan (modernize) its legal system in the 19th century. 9. Criminal proceedings cannot (bring) against children below the age of 10 years. 10. Governments often (classify) according to the number of people who (hold) political power. 11. The laws (control) drugs are very strict in this country. 12. Criminal law (use) by the government to prosecute and punish people who (break) laws. 13. The Government (elect) for a five-year term of office.
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B |
The term criminal law generally (1 refer) to substantive3 criminal laws. Substantive criminal laws (2 define) crimes and may establish punishments. In contrast, criminal procedure (3 describe) the process through which the criminal laws (4 enforce). For example, the law (5 prohibit) murder is a substantive criminal law. The way in which government (6 enforce) this substantive law – through the gathering of evidence and prosecution – (7 be) a procedural matter. In the United States, substantive criminal law originally (8 come) for the most part from common law, which later (9 codify) in federal and state statutes.
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C |
The concept of codification (1 develop) especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, as an expression of both Natural Law4 and the ideas of the Enlightenment5. The political ideal of that era (2 express) by the concepts of democracy, protection of property, and of the rule of law. That ideal (3 require) the certainty6 and uniformity7 of law. |
12. Use the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets where necessary.
1. In 16th century Spain was (powerful) country in the world. 2. The Queen Elisabeth II does not make any political decisions and has (little) actual power. 3. London is a (ancient) city than New York. 4. Vatican is (small) state in Europe. 5. (Common) names for legislatures are parliament and congress. 6. The Senate in the USA has (informal) atmosphere than in the House of Representatives. 7. The leaders of the House of Representatives have (much) power than the leaders of the Senate. 8. The British Parliament is one of (old) parliaments in the world. 9. Absolute monarchs have (complete) and (unlimited) power to rule their people. 10. Queen Elizabeth II is (long) ruling monarch in the world today. 11. This country’s (modern) government is arranged in about fifteen departments. 12. (High) court in Great Britain is the House of Lords. 13. This book contains (little) information about the political system of the USA than the book I gave you yesterday.