- •Пособие по агрономии
- •От автора
- •Unit 1 soil Active vocabulary
- •Text 1 Agronomy
- •Agriculture and Food Science Technicians
- •1.4 Translate the following words having the same stem. Check your translation with the help of a dictionary:
- •1.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •1.6 Answer the questions to the text.
- •Text 2 What is soil?
- •2.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •2.6 Answer the following questions:
- •2.7 Read the text without a dictionary. Try to catch its main idea.
- •Text 3 Soil formation
- •3.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Text 4 Soil Physics
- •4.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •4.4 Give English equivalents:
- •4.5 Answer the following questions:
- •4.6 Say if these statements are correct:
- •Text 5 Soil chemistry
- •5.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Text 6 Living Soil
- •6.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Soil Food Web Model in picture form
- •6.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Text 7 Soil fertility
- •7.3 Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary.
- •7.5 Find the paragraph speaking about results of applying too much fertilizers. Discuss it.
- •7.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Text 8 Soil Classification
- •8.3 Read the following pairs of words and translate them:
- •8.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •8.6 Render the text into Russian using no dictionary:
- •Text 9 Soil Zones
- •9.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •9.5 Choose the right statement:
- •9.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Unit 4 f ruit
- •Text 1 The health benefits of eating fruit
- •1.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •1.5 Answer the questions to the text.
- •Fruit quiz
- •Text 2 Apple
- •2.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •2.6 Answer the questions to the text.
- •2.7 Read the text without a dictionary. Try to catch the main idea. Apple cultivars
- •Text 3 Pear
- •Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Say if these statements are false or true:
- •3.7 Match the words with the definitions:
- •Text 4 Cherry
- •4.3 Find all the international words in the text and translate them into Russian.
- •4.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •4.5 Say if these statements are false or true:
- •Text 5 gooseberry
- •5.2 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation: fertile, medium, to satisfy, to settle, previously, bone meal, to apply, however, variety, to encourage, caterpillar, foliage.
- •5.5 Say if the statements are false or true:
- •Unit 5 Berry
- •Active vocabulary
- •Text 1 blackcurrant
- •1.2 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation: sawdust, purchase, nursery, patient, excessive, quart, susceptible, unusable, dietary, fungicides, culinary, source.
- •1.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •1.5 Answer the questions to the text.
- •1.6 Find the synonyms for the following words:
- •Text 2 Raspberry
- •2.2 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation: delicious, species, primary, primocanes, frequently, immediately, attachment, preferable, injury, disease, permanent, refrigerate.
- •2.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •2.7 Read the text again and say if the statements are false or true:
- •Text 3 Strawberry
- •3.4 Translate the following words having the same stem. Check your translation with the help of a dictionary:
- •3.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •3.6 Answer the questions to the text.
- •Viticulture
- •4.4 Translate the following words having the same stem. Check your translation with the help of a dictionary:
- •4.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •4.6 Answer the questions to the text.
- •4.7 Match the words with the definitions:
- •4.3 Find all the international words in the text and translate them into Russian.
- •4.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •4.5 Say if these statements are false or true:
3.6 Answer the questions to the text.
1. What strawberry growing methods do you know?
2. What fertilizers are used for most strawberries?
3. What method of harvesting is used nowadays?
4. What site is preferable for strawberry growing?
3.7 State the part of speech of the words and translate them into Russian: proper, successful, relatively, frosty, to reduce, perennial, to appear, major, to maintain, dairy, excellent, suggestion, leaves, to leave, establishment.
Text 4
Viticulture
Active vocabulary
condition |
условие, состояние |
cluster |
кисть, гроздь |
grape |
виноград |
hill |
холм, возвышенность |
to increase |
увеличивать(ся), повышать(ся) |
to decrease |
уменьшать(ся), убывать |
juice |
сок |
to improve |
улучшать |
layer |
слой |
maturity |
зрелость, спелость |
pollination |
опыление |
species |
вид, разновидность |
viticulture |
виноградарство |
vine |
лоза |
vineyard |
виноградник |
Part 1
4.1 Read the following international words and translate them: associate, microclimate, practice, characterize, geographical, geological, composition, structure, ideal, component, metabolism, tolerant.
4.2 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation: humidity, consideration, influence, circumstance, sufficiently, saturate, essential, stereotypical, exposure, foliage, vigorous, primarily, climb, orbicular, require, accomplish, oblong, glaucous.
4.3 Translate the following word-combinations into Russian: grape juice, soil composition, root structure, root development, vineyard site, water uptake, world grape production, grape vines, temperature variations.
4.4 Translate the following words having the same stem. Check your translation with the help of a dictionary:
a) plant, to plant, plantation, planter, plantain.
b) variety, various, variant, to vary, variation.
4.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
A vineyard is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture.
A vineyard is often characterised by its terroir, a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted in the wine. Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include such things as soil, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.)
The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural consideration when planting grape vines. The soil supports the root structure of the vine and influences the drainage levels and amount of minerals and nutrients that the vine is exposed to. The ideal circumstance for a vine is an area of thin topsoil and subsoil that sufficiently retains waters but also has good drainage so that the vine roots don't become overly saturated. There are several minerals that are vital to the health of vines that all good vineyard soils have. These include calcium which helps to neutralize the Soil pH levels, iron which is essential for photosynthesis, magnesium which is an important component of chlorophyll, nitrogen which is assimilated in the form of nitrates, phosphates which encourages root development, and potassium which improves the vine metabolisms and increases it health for next year's crop.
Vineyards are often on hillsides and on soil of marginal value to other plants. Planting on hillsides, especially those facing south, is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical vineyard site for wine grapes is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into the fruit, rather than foliage.
Grape varieties Grapes belong to the Vitaceae family. The genus Vitis is broadly distributed, largely between 25° and 50° N latitude in eastern Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and North America
Three important species and one hybrid group comprise most of grape production worldwide: the Muscadine grape, the Fox grape (the Concord), the European or Wine grape. The Muscadine grape is the species which is extremely vigorous and disease tolerant and is well-adapted to the southeastern USA. The Fox grape is the species which is used primarily for sweet grape juice and associated products - jelly, jam, preserves. The European or Wine grape is the species which accounts for over 90% of world grape production. Most of the production is used to make wine, but it is also the primary species used for table (fresh eating) and raisin grape production.
Botanical description All Vitis are "lianas" or woody, climbing vines. Leaves vary in shape and size depending on species and cultivar. For example, Muscadine grapes have small, round, unlobed leaves with dentate margins. Most grapes are self-fruitful and do not require pollinizers. Pollination is accomplished by wind and to a lesser extent insects.
Grapes are true berries; small, round to oblong, with up to 4 seeds. Berries are often glaucous, having a fine layer of wax on the surface. Skin is generally thin, and is the source of the anthocyanin compounds giving rise to red, blue, purple, and black colored grapes.