Пищеварительная система!!!!!1
The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body.
It is bounded above by the thorax or chest and below by two pelvic bones which meet in front.
The organs contained within the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys.
The liver lies under the right ribs and extends across to the left of the epigastrium.
The liver is a large organ that weighs about 1,5kg.
The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right.
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and digestive glands.
The digestive tract is some 8-10 m long and is divided into the following parts – oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagys, stomach, small intestines, and largest intestine.
The wall of the greater part of the digestive tract consists of three coats – internal-mucous, middle-muscular, and the external-serous.
The digestive glands secrete digestive juices containing enzymes and other substances which take part in the chemicall process of digestion.
Any part of the digestive tract and the digestive glands are equipped with nerve fibres and their endings.
Выделительная система!!!!!!!
1. The urinary system is the system which excretes the largest part of the waste products of the body.
2. It consists of the kidneys, right and left, the ureters, the urethra, the bladder.
3. The kidneys are placed one on each in the lumbar region of the spine, on the posterior abdominal wall, at the lavel of the twelfth thoracic and first-second lumbar vertebrae.
4. A kidney weighs about 150 gr.
5. The kidneys is covered by membranes.
6. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs.
7. The inner margin of the kidneys is known as the hilus.
8. At the hilus the ureter which conveys urine is a tube about 30 sm long.
9. After leaving the hilus the ureter descends along and perforates the wall of the bladder.
10. The bladder is a reservoir for urine.
11. The bladder has three parts ; the superior parts or apex, the middle parts or body, and the inferior parts or fundus.
12. The capacity of the bladder of an adult is about 350 – 500 ml.
Мед образование в России
1 Any citizen of our country who has a complete secondary education may apply yo a medical instityte.
2 All the applicants are reqyired to take entrance competitive examinations in biology chemistry and the ryssian language.
3 And those who have obtained the highest marks in the examinations are admitted.
4 The instryction at higher schools is given by lectyres by group instruction and practical work.
5 Our academic year begins on September 1st and is divided into 2 terms of four months each.
6 At the end of each term the students have to pass a number of examinations.
7 The study course lasts for 6 years and covers the basic clinical and preclinical subjects.
8 At the end of the sixth years students pass the final state examinations and receive their diplom!
Мед образование в США
The period of college or university studies is called: "the pre-medical phase". A student applies for admission to a medical school when he has completed premedical phase. Academic achievement is the most important factors in the selection of students. In most medical school candidates are required to pass the admission test. Test last about 8 hours over one day period and includes question in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and English. Then special admission committees have personal interviews. The basic medical sciences are presented during the fist two year. During the fist two years students study: physic, organic and inorganic, analytical and colloidal chemistry. The students also study human anatomy, physiology, histology, microbiology, foreign language and philosophy. During the final two year the curriculum consists of clinical subjects. Medical students have practical work at the teaching hospitals affiliated to the medical school. At the end of four years, all students receive the Degree of doctor of Medicine. Then they must work for one year as interns. After the internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic.
Период университетских или университетских исследований назван: " pre- медицинская фаза". Студент обращается за допущением в медицинскую школу когда он завершил premedical фазу. Университетское достижение является наиболее важными показателями на выборе студентов. В большинстве медицинских школьных кандидатах требуется, чтобы передали вступительные испытания. Тест последний около 8 часов в течение одного дневного срока и включает вопросу в биологии, химии, физике, математике и Английском. Затем специальные комитеты допущения имеют персональные интервью. . Основные медицинские науки представлены в течение кулака двух года. В течение кулака двух анализа студентов лет: лекарство, органическая и неорганическая, аналитическая и коллоидная химия. Студенты также изучают человеческую анатомию, физиологию, гистологию, микробиологию, иностранный язык и философия. В течение конечных двух лет, программа состоит из клинических предметов. Медицинские студенты присоединили практическую работу в учащих больницах в медицинскую школу. В конце четырех лет, все студенты получают Степень доктора Лекарства. Затем они должны работать для одного года как интерны. После того, как молодые докторы internship должны иметь период residency в клинике.