- •Методическое пособие
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Unit 1. Metallurgy some words about metallurgy
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Find in the text the English equivalents of these Russian word combinations.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Physical properties of metals and alloys
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions.
- •Match the term with its definition.
- •Find in the text sentences containing the following words and translate them into Russian.
- •Find 13 words on the topic in the crossword-puzzle and give their Russian equivalents.
- •Unit 3. Mechanical properties of metals and alloys
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Make words out of these letters and translate them into Russian.
- •Name the property according to its definition.
- •Make up definitions out of these words and name the property.
- •Finish the sentences according to the text.
- •Unit 4. Foundry equipment.
- •Foundary metal casting
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Learn the words and special terms on foundary.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Write the English equivalents of these Russian words and make up sentences of your own with them.
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Read the sentences and say whether they are true or false.
- •Make up sentences out of these words.
- •What is the Russian for these words and word combinations?
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Say what type of machine does this or that operation.
- •Describe the work done by every machine. Unit 7. Casting metals
- •Notes and commentary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions.
- •Find the sentences with these words in the text and translate them into Russian.
- •Unit 8. Types of furnaces.
- •D iagram of a Foundary Cupola for Melting Cast Iron notes and commentary
- •Notes and commentary
- •The bessemer converter
- •Notes and commentary
- •The open hearth furnace
- •The electric furnace
- •Unit 9. Metals and their alloys.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Magnesium and its alloys
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Copper and its alloys
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Titanium and its alloys
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Литература
Notes and commentary
blast furnace – доменная печь reinforded by a steel shell on the outside – укрепленная стальным кожухом извне upon heavy pilings driven deep into the earth – на тяжелых сваях, вбитых глубоко в землю bedrock – скальная порда by means of coke charged with ore – при помощи кокса, загружаемого с рудой constitute an important part – составляют важную часть brickwork – кирпичная кладка to the top of the furnace – на колошник печи |
cars running on an inclined hoist – тележки, движущиеся по наклонному подъемнику dump the charge into the hopper – сбрасывает загрузку в хоппер upper bell – верхний конус lower bell – нижний конус as the iron and slag are formed – по мере образования чугуна и шлака is cast into pigs – отливается в чушки or else taken while molten to the steel making furnaces – или же отправляется в печи для изготовления стали
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The bessemer converter
In the Bessemer process of making steel air is blown through the molten pig iron, and the oxygen of the air combines with the carbon, manganese, and silicon of the pig iron. This action generates heat and frees the iron from the major part of its impurities thus converting the iron into steel.
The Bessemer converter, in which the process takes place, is a pear-shaped tilting vessel made of steel plates and lined with heat-resisting bricks and clay. The top of the converter is cut off to form a mouth through which molten metal is charged and discharged. In the bottom of the vessel are a number of holes through which air is blown.
When the air blast is turned on, a shower of sparks bursts from the mouth of the converter. Immediately thereafter appear short ruddy flames and a dense cloud of reddish-brown fumes caused by the burning of the silicon and manganese in the iron. In about five minutes this part of the refining action is accomplished, and the next stage, the removal of carbon, begins.
The ruddy flames become more luminous, changing to a
yellowish white.
For about ten minutes the glare continues, and during that time the converter emits a deep roar caused by the violent generation of gas within it.
Suddenly the flame drops, and the operator must diminish the blast of air and remove the metal from the converter.
Bessemer steel is used because of the low cost of the process.
Today we have a new, more perfect technology of converting pig iron into steel in which the blast of air is replaced by a jet of nearly pure oxygen.
Notes and commentary
generates heat – производит тепло frees the iron from the major part of its impurities – освобождает чугун от большей части примесей thus converting the iron into steel – таким образом, превращая чугун в сталь pear-shaped tilting vessel – грушеобразный наклоняющийся сосуд made of steel – сделан из стали lined with - облицован
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the top of the converter is cut off to form a mouth – верх конвертера срезан, образуя горловину turned on - включен a shower of sparks bursts from the mouth – поток искр вырывается из горловины the converter emits a deep roar caused by the violent generation of gas within it – конвертер издает сильный рев, вызванный бурным образованием газа в нем
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