Notes and commentary

cast iron - чугун is applied to ferrous alloys – применяется к железистым сплавам everyday life products – предметы повседневного обихода pig iron – чушковый чугун blast furnace – доменная печь by smelting iron ore with coke and flux – путем плавки железной руды с коксом и флюсом got its name from the shape of the molds – получил это название от формы изложения	is carried out - осуществляется by means of - посредством (при помощи) endless conveyer chain – бесконечная конвейерная цепь gray-iron foundries – литейные заводы, изготавливающие серый чугун non-ferrous metals – цветные металлы aluminium-base alloys – сплавы с алюминиевой основой

Exercises

1. Answer the questions.

1. What metal occupies the first place among the ferrous metals?

2. Where did pig iron get its name from?

3. What is pig iron used for?

4. What is the final analysis of iron determined by?

5. How is pig iron produced?

2. Find the sentences with these words in the text and translate them into Russian.

1. open-hearth

2. blast furnace

3. smelting

4. shrinkage

5. bearing metals

Unit 8. Types of furnaces.

Task:

- read the texts describing different types of furnaces

• make a plan to each text

• make up 5 questions to each of the texts

• retell any text you like

THE CUPOLA FURNACE

The cupola is the oldest type of furnace and the most econo­mical. It may be obtained in different sizes and can be operated for as long a time as may be required to produce a given amount of melted metal. It is difficult to produce metal of precisely uniform quality in the cupola as compared to furnaces in which uniformity of the molten material can be con­trolled by frequent and pe­riodic tests and adjustment. Cupola capacities vary from 1 to 15 tons of metal per heat (the amount of metal melted at one time).

The cupola is a cylindric­al shell constructed from boiler plate and lined with firebrick. The main furnace structure is usually support­ed on cast-iron legs, and the opening at the bottom of the furnace may be closed by cast-iron doors, which swing up into position and are held closed by an iron upright at the center. Refractory sand protects these doors during the melting of the charge, which is placed over the layer of sand. At the end of the melting operation, the doors swing out of the way and materials remaining from the charge drop down through the opening.

On one side of the cupola, level with the bottom, is the breast opening for lighting the fire. This opening is also used as the tap hole. Opposite the tap hole, and somewhat higher, is the slag hole. The charging door is located approximately halfway up the vertical shell. The top of the cupola is open except for a metal shield.

A single row of openings or tuyeres is arranged around the circumference of the shell's interior at its base as a means of introducing air to the coke bed. A wind box, externally circling the cupola at the level of the tuyeres, supplies the air.

Cupola Zones. — A foundry cupola is generally divided into a number of zones: the crucible zone, tuyere zone, combustion zone, melting zone, preheating zone, and the stack zone.

The crucible zone is located at the bottom of the cupola; it is situated in the space between the sand bottom of the furnace and the bottom of the tuyere openings. Molten iron and slag accumulate in this space between the burning pieces of coke.

The tuyere openings are above the cruicible and take up a space from 3 to 6 inches in depth depending upon the size of furnace.

The combustion zone is that section of the cupola which extends from the bottom of the tuyeres to the top of the coke bed.

The melting and preheating zones extend from the top of the combustion zone to the charging door. The location of the charging door depends upon the size of the cupola. High charg­ing doors, however, are recommended for large cupolas which are run all day, since greater fuel efficiency can be gained from the use of such charging doors.

The purpose of the stack, which is another zone of the cupola, is to carry off the waste gases. It is located above the charging door. A roof hood is usually fastened to the stack to prevent leaks around the cupola.