Police forces in Great Britain.

The police in Britain are organized very differently from many other countries. Most countries have a national police force, which is controlled by central Government. But in Britain there is no national police force, although police policy is governed by central Govern­ment's Home Office.

There is a separate police force for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each area has a committee of local county councilors and magistrates. These committees are in charge of the local police forces.

The police forces act independently from each other, but sometimes they have to co-operate. A Chief Constable, who is the senior police offi­cer of a force, may ask for assistance of London's police force. There is a number of ranks in the police forces: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspec­tor, Sergeant and Constable. There are also Special Constables who are members of the public and work for the police voluntarily.

Билет 10.

The Judicial System of the usa

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The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the US and it meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington. It’s a beautiful building of white marble. Above the main entrance the words are written «Equal Justice Under Law». The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and eight Associate Justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by Congress or any order issued by the President. This right of veto is widely used to block the passage of any progressive bills.

The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each one is served with a Federal Court of Appeals. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges on the bench.

There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. These courts try most of the criminal and civil cases. The district court is the only Federal court where trials are held, juries are used, and witnesses are called. There are about two hundred district judges in the USA.

Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court is final.

In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary. Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws. The state courts are organized in a system that looks like the system of Federal courts with a Supreme Court at the top. In most of the states the lowest courts are the magistrates, or police courts…»

Topical Vocabulary

• jurisdiction – юрисдикция, правосудие

• to block - приостановить

• a bill - законопроект

• Federal Court of Appeals – Федеральный апелляционный суд

• Chief Justice – главный судья

• to approve - одобрять

• judicial circuit – судебный округ

• bench – состав суда

• judiciary - судоустройство

• existing - существующий

• to pass the law – принять закон

• to issue - издавать

• to try - судить

• to declare - объявлять

• a trial – судебное разбирательство

• magistrate – магистрат

• police court – полицейский суд