Perfect Continuous Tense

(Часи групи Perfect Continuous)

	have + been + Present Participle (-ing)
Present	He has been writing a letter since morning. – Він пише лист зранку.
Past	He had been writing a letter for two hours when I came. – Він писав лист впродовж двох часів до того, як я прийшов.
Future	He will have been writing a letter for two hours when I come. – Він писатиме листа впродовж двох часів перед тим, як я прийду.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. Дії, які почалися у минулому та тільки що закінчились.

You are out of breath. Have you been running?

That man over there is bright red. I think he has been sunbathing.

2. Дії, які почалися у минулому та ще триватимуть на момент говоріння.

How long have you been learning English?

I have been waiting herе since 2 o’clock.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Дії, що почалися до певного моменту у минулому і тривали до цього моменту.

Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.

I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Дії, що почнуться до певного моменту у майбутньому і триватимуть до цього моменту.

On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year. – У неділю буде річниця, як ми живемо у цьому будинку.

Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years. – У наступному році буде 30 років, як я працюю у цій компанії.

Якщо часи групи Perfect вказують на факт звершення дії, то часи групи Perfect Continuous привертають увагу до тривалості дії.

They have lived in London for 10 years. (людина привертає увагу до того, що вони живуть у Лондоні)

They have been living in London for 10 years. (людина привертає увагу до того, як довго вони живуть у Лондоні)

Exercise 15 Match a line in A with a line in B.

A	B
Ann has been sunbathing. She has been shopping. She has been working in the garden. She has been reading for hours. She has been watching a sad film. She has been waiting for hours. She has been doing the housework. She has been decorating the bathroom. She has been cooking. She has been bathing the children.	She is furious. She has got paint in her hair. She is crying. Her back hurts. She hasn’t got any money left. She is a bit burnt. She is soaking wet. The house smells of onions and garlic. Her eyes hurt. Everything is spotless.

Exercise 16 Choose the correct verb form.

1. How long has Angela been living / does Angela live in Paris? 2. She has been finding / has found a good job. 3 Alan has been / has gone to South America. 4. Angela has bought / bought her flat a few months ago. 5. How long has she known / has she been knowing Jean-Pierre? 6. Tom worked / has been working as a postman for a month. 7. He has visited / has been visiting ten museums today. 8. He is tired because he has travelled / has been travelling around London all day.

Exercise 17 Use the clues to explain what has been happening. Then add your own explanations.

Model: A small boy has a black eye. (fight with a friend)

He has been fighting with a friend. He has been walking with his eyes closed. He has been boxing.

1. A dog is looking happy and licking his mouth. (eat a bone) 2. A boy, all wet, is coming out of the pond in the park. (get the ball) 3. A woman has a very dark tan. (sunbathe) 4. A man looks really tired. (drive a car) 5. A girl is soaking wet. (have a shower with the clothes on)

Exercise 18 Translate the following sentences.

1. Я ніколи не був у Києві. 2. Я не бачу його з понеділка. 3. Прийшла зима і тепер ми знову будемо часто ходити на каток. 4. Вона була здивована: вона ніколи раніше не бачила стільки квітів. 5. Коли я прокинувся, мати вже встала та готувала сніданок. 6. Ви коли-небудь бачили цей фільм? – Ні. 7. Я знаю, що вона працює над цією статтею вже три тижні. 8. Ти вже уклала нарешті свої речі? Таксі вже десять хвилин чекає біля під’їзду. 9. Я знаю цю жінку вже кілька років. 10. Коли він прийшов додому, ми вже пішли у кіно. 11. Статтю ще не написано. 12. Цю книгу буде перекладено до кінця наступного року. 13. Це питання вже вирішено.

Pronoun One

(Неозначено-особовий займенник One)

• Виражає невизначену особу та перекладається безособовим зворотом.

One should say that making a timetable is a very complicated job. – Треба сказати, що складання розкладу – дуже важка робота.

One can’t learn a language in six weeks. – Не можна вивчити мову за шість тижнів.

• Використовується для заміни раніше згаданого іменника для уникнення повтору, після the, the only, the main та every.

‘Is this your umbrella?’ ‘No, mine’s the big blue one (= umbrella).’ – «Це твоя парасолька?» «Ні, моя велика, синя (парасолька)».

I think his best poems are his early ones (= poems). – Гадаю, що його найкращі поеми – це ранні (поеми).

The only jokes I tell are the ones that I hear from you. – Я лише розповідаю ті анекдоти, що чую від вас.

Exercise 28 Translate the following sentences.

1. One may say that studying foreign languages is a hard work. 2. One must understand that the work of a driver requires much experience. 3. One can expect that a new metro line will be opened soon. 4. At the exhibition one could see the last works of the famous artist. 5. At the conference one should mention the latest achievements of the plant. 6. The only ones who will benefit are the shareholders. 7. One after another, tropical storms battered the Pacific coastline. 8. Great pictures make one think.

Exercise 29 Use the appropriate substitute words instead of italicized ones.

1. I think this department store is bigger than that department store. 2. These shoes are less comfortable than those shoes. 3. My watch isn’t working well. I must buy a new watch. 4. I’ve got a pair of black gloves but I must buy brown gloves to match my new shoes. 5. I think my watch is ten minutes slow. What’s the time by your watch? 6. This English book is too easy for me. Please give me a more difficult book. 7. I don’t like these pictures. They’re too dark. I saw better pictures in a shop in our street. 8. I think this show will be more interesting than the last show.

Exercise 30 Complete the dialogues. Use the words or expressions in brackets.

Model: - Is this your new car? – No. (blue/over there) – No, it’s the blue one over there.

1. Which apples do you want: the ... or ... (red/green) 2. Do you prefer the striped socks or ... (plain) 3. Which boy is Tony? – He ... (with dark, curly hair) 4. The green shorts are cheaper than ... (yellow) – Yes, but ... are nicer. (yellow)

Modal Verbs Can, May, Must and their Equivalents

(Модальні дієслова can, may, must та їх еквіваленти)

Модальні дієслова can, may, must передають не дію, а відношення до цієї дії (можливість, бажаність, необхідність та ін.). Після модального дієслова іде інфінітив без частки to. У заперечних та питальних реченнях модальні дієслова виконують функцію допоміжних дієслів.

Present	Past	Future
Необхідність — Повинність — Обов’язок must — have to — be to — should — ought to
I must meet him. – Я повинен его зустріти (категоричне зобов’язання, я так вважаю). I have to meet him. – Я повинен его зустріти (мені доводиться, необхідність виконання дії за певних обставин). We are to meet at 6. – Ми маємо зустрітися о шостій годині (повинність згідно з планом, розкладом, домовленістю). You should (ought to) meet him. – Ти повинен (тобі треба, слід) його зустріти (для виразу порад, рекомендацій).	I had to meet him. – Я повинен був (мені прийшлось) его зустріти I was to meet him. – Я повинен був (передбачалось) його зустріти.	I will have to meet him. – Я повинен буду його зустріти.
Здатність — Здібность — Можливість can — be able to
He can swim. – Він може плавати. He is able to help you. – Він має змогу тобі допомогти.	He could swim. He was able to help you.	He will be able to help you.
Дозволення — Можливість (Вірогідність) may — be allowed to
You may take it. – Ви можете (вам дозволено) це взяти. I am allowed to use the device. – Я маю дозвіл використати цей прилад.	I might use the device. I was allowed to leave.	I will be allowed to use this device.

Exercise 30 Answer the questions as in the model.

Model: - Can you dance well?

- Yes, I can. I can dance well enough.

- No, I can’t. I can’t dance at all.

1. Can you speak English a little? 2. Could you swim when you were five? 3. Can you play football? 4. Can you play the piano? 5. Can you dance? 6. Can you drive a car? 7. Can you sing? 8. Could you ride a bike when a child? 9. Could you cook when you got married?

Exercise 31 Ask your partner if he (she) can ...

Плавати, готувати, співати, танцювати, водити машину, грати у теніс, пояснювати дорогу англійською, грати у футбол.

Exercise 32 Say the sentences in past and future.

Model A: We must learn the new words regularly.

We had to learn the new words regularly.

We will have to learn the new words regularly.

1. He must go there at once. 2. She must be at home by 11.00. 3. I must go to this meeting. It is very important. 4. We must pass the examination in physics. 5. I must rewrite the test. I failed last time.

Model B: He can skate well.

He could skate well.

He will be able to skate well.

1. He can continue his studies at the evening department. 2. I can meet you at the metro station. 3. His father can help him in his studies. 4. I can translate this text without a dictionary. 5. She can play tennis three times a week.

Model C: You may open the window.

You were allowed to open the window.

You will be allowed to open the window.

1. You may go home after classes. 2. They may continue the experiment. 3. The students may use dictionaries while translating the text. 4. He may take my pen. 5. The tourists may attend the sitting of the Parliament.

Exercise 33 Fill in the gaps using саn or can’t with one of the given verbs: come, find, hear, drive, see, speak.

Model: I’m sorry but we can’t come to your party next Saturday.

1. I like this hotel room. You ... the mountains from the window. 2. You are speaking very quietly. I ... you. 3. Have you seen my bag? I ... it. 4. Catherine got the job because she ... five languages. 5. I ... though I haven’t got a driving licence.

Exercise 34 a) Add your sentence beginning it with I think ... should… or I don’t think ... should ...

Model: It’s late. (go home now) – I think we should go home now.

That coat is too big for you. (buy it) – I don’t think you should buy it.

1. You don’t need your car. (sell it) 2. Diane needs a rest. (have a holiday) 3. Sally and Colin are too young. (get married) 4. You’re not well this morning. (go to work) 5. James isn’t well today. (go to the doctor) 6. The hotel is too expensive for us. (stay there)

b) Give advice to people in the following situations. Use should.

1. My twenty-year-old son just stays at home all day watching television! 2. My car keeps breaking down. 3. I just can’t get to sleep these days. 4. Since my father retired, he doesn’t know what to do with himself. 5. I just don’t know what to do with my hair. It looks awful. 6. I’m overweight. 7. I’ve got exams next week. 8. My cat’s ill. 9. I’m always arguing with my parents. 10. It’s my parents’ wedding anniversary soon. 11. I’m always late.

Exercise 35 Translate the sentences. Express the same in past and future.

1. Ти повинен запитати його про це. 2. Ви повинні сказати їм про це. 3. Дитина повинна йти у ліжко о дев’ятій. 4. Він повинен багато працювати перед іспитом. 5. Ви повинні відправити телеграму.

Exercise 36 Ask permission.

Зачинити двері, повернутися додому, піти у кіно, встати, запалити, поспати, cicти, піти до буфету, розмовляти французькою.

Exercise 37 Fill in the gaps with mustn’t (не повинен) or needn’t (не треба) + one of the verbs: clean, forget, hurry, lose, wait, write.

Model: The windows aren’t very dirty. You needn’t clean them.

1. We have a lot of time. We ... 2. Keep these documents in a safe place. You ... them. 3. I’m not ready yet but you ... for me. You can go now and I’ll come later. 4. We ... to turn off the lights before we leave. 5. I ... the letter now. I can do it tomorrow.

Exercise 38 Fill in the gaps with have to or had to + one of the verbs: answer, buy, change, go, walk.

Model: We had to walk home last night. There were no buses.

1. It’s late. I ... now. I’ll see you tomorrow. 2. I went to the supermarket after work yesterday. I ... some food. 3. This train doesn’t go all the way to London. You ... at Bristol. 4. We took an exam yesterday. We ... six questions out often.

Exercise 39 Complete the questions.

Model: I have to get up early tomorrow. – What time do you have to get up?

1. George had to wait a long time. (How long ... ?) 2. Liz has to go somewhere. (Where ... ?) 3. We had to pay a lot of money. (How much ... ?) 4. I have to do some work. (What exactly ... ?) 5. He has to work hard these days. (Why ...?) 6. You will have to tell the truth. (When ...?)

Exercise 40 Complete the sentences with don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to. Remember that don’t have to means не треба, нема потреби.

Model: Why are you going out? You don’t have to go out.

1. Why is Ann waiting? She … . 2. Why did you get up early? You … 3. Why is Paul working so hard? He … . 4. Why do you want to leave now? We … . 5. Why did he worry? He … . 6. Is he going to quit? He … .

Exercise 41 Mustn’t or don’t have to? Choose the correct modal verb.

Model: We have a lot of work tomorrow. You mustn’t be late.

1. You mustn’t /don’t have to tell Mary what I told you. It’s a secret. 2. The museum is free. You mustn’t / don’t have to pay to get in. 3. Terry is a millionaire. He mustn’t / doesn’t have to go to work. 4. We mustn’t / don’t have to rush. We’ve got plenty of time. 5. You mustn’t / don’t have to play with guns. They’re dangerous. 6. ‘Shall I come with you?’ – ‘You can if you want, but you mustn’t / don’t have to.’ 7. Children mustn’t / don’t have to tell lies. It’s very naughty.

Exercise 42 Translate the sentences with different functions of the verb be.

1. Some trains are to make stops at all railway stations. 2. The experimental tracks are laid without ballast. 3. The train is to run a high-speed service between big cities. 4. Electrified railways are to be found in different countries of the world. 5. The track structure is supported by ballast. 6. This high-speed line is to be put into operation in a month. 7. The radial metro lines in Moscow are connected by a circle line. 8. The future metro lines are to connect the city’s centre with its suburbs. 9. My goal is to describe the mechanism in operation. 10. We are to complete the construction by the end of the month.

Exercise 43 Translate the sentences with the structure one + modal verb.

Model: One may suppose... Можна припустити …

One must know... Слід знати …

One can hear... Можна почути …

1. One can hear that railways are no more competitive on the global transport market. 2. One must understand that the work of the engine driver requires much experience. 3. One can expect that the average speed of trains will be increased. 4. At the exhibition one could see the latest track-laying machine. 5. One must remember that these rules are very strict.

Exercise 44 Translate the proverbs and sayings with modal verbs. Choose one and write a paragraph in which you explain it through a series of supporting sentences, and make your own judgement about it. Feel free to agree or disagree with the idea.

1. The longest day must have an end. 2. Little friends may prove great friends. 3. They who lose today may win tomorrow. 4. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 5. Everything must have a beginning. 6. A man can do no more than he can. 7. Liars need to have good memories. 8. The bird that can sing and will not sing must be made to sing. 9. He that can have patience can have what he will. 10. Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards. 11. You may lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. 12. Treat others, as you would like to be treated. 13. What can’t be cured must be endured.

Exercise 45 Translate the sentences.

1. Ви можете зустріти його на нашій фірмі. 2. Їй потрібно допомогти матері. 3. Студентам було дозволено користуватися підручниками. 4. Вам потрібно поговорити з ними. 5. Toбi треба написати батькам листа. 6. Я міг це зробити сам. 7. Я зможу допомогти тобі завтра. 8. Можна увійти? 9. Чому їм довелося покинути цей будинок? 10. Він не зможе поїхати в Італію влітку. 11. Вам доведеться зробити цю роботу до понеділка. 12. Я не зможу прочитати цю книгу за тиждень. 13. Вона повинна перекласти цю статтю до середи. 14. Я не можу відповісти на ваше питання. 15. Ти не можеш сьогодні піти в кіно. 16. Toбi належить поговорити з його батьком. 17. Я зможу їх побачити завтра. 18. Він повинен буде зробити доповідь на конференцію. 19. Йому приходиться зараз багато працювати.