XVIII. Переведите текст с учетом выполненных заданий. Первый абзац переведите письменно.

1. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe process by which machines do the tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. As one knows, simple automatic devices are not new, too. Soon after the first machine tools appeared late in the 18^th century, engineers modified them so that they could work by themselves for some of the time. An operator simply set his machine so that it cut a piece of metal automatically. He did not have to do anything while the operation took place.

2. When machining a workpiece in a metal cutting machine tool one can classify all operations as either processing or handling ones. Processing operations are those in which the actual cutting process or chip removal takes place. The rest are handling operations including loading and clamping the work, releasing and unloading it, checking the size of it, etc.

3. Machine tools performing the majority of the required handling operations without the direct participation of the operator are called automatic machine tools. Automatics have a fully automatic working cycle repeated to produce duplicate parts without participation of the operator, all of the working and handling operations being performed in a definite sequence by the control system.

4. Machine tools performing actual machining operations automatically in the same manner as in automatics are called semi-automatics. In this case, however, the operator loads the blank into the machine, starts the machine, checks the work size and removes the completed piece by hand. That is, the machining cycle is automatic, the operator starting each subsequent cycle.

XIX. Составьте аннотацию текста.

Text 4 Lathes

Просмотрите текст и выполните следующие задания.

I. Используя специализированный англо-русский словарь по технологии машиностроения и металлообработке, переведите следующие слова и словосочетания и запомните их:

transverse

to face a workpiece

to ream

to thread

to mount

to operate

turret, turret lathe

engine lathe

bench lathe

skill

ways

II. Выпишите из текста именные группы и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод слов в функции определения.

III. Проанализируйте состав следующих слов:

considerable, constructional, comparatively

IV. Назовите интернациональные слова, которые встречаются в тексте. Проверьте их произношение и перевод по словарю.

V. Найдите в первом абзаце слово, которое можно отнести к ложным друзьям переводчика. Уточните его правильное значение по словарю.

VI. Найдите в первом абзаце предложение с “as” , определите функцию этого слова и переведите вместе с относящимися к нему словами.

VII. Выпишите из текста сказуемые в страдательном залоге, в составе которых есть модальный глагол, и переведите их вместе с подлежащими.

VIII. Выпишите из обычного англо-русского словаря значение предлога “because of” и переведите следующее предложение:

Because of its ability to perform various operations this machine tool requires a great degree of skill to operate.

IX. Выпишите из текста причастия I в функции обстоятельства и переведите их на русский язык вместе с относящимися к ним словами.

X. Найдите в тексте предложения с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите их на русский язык.

XI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастия в зависимости от его формы и функции:

a. 1. The shape of the tool depends upon various factors, the material to be cut being one of them.

2. Nickel, chromium, vanadium are different alloying elements for making steel, nickel increasing the strength of steel.

3. The workpiece having been machined with a roughing tool, finishing tools are used to give accurate size to the workpiece.

4. The speed being too great, the cutting edge will be worn down too rapidly.

b. 1. While using engineering materials in practice one must know their properties.

2. Steel being one of the strongest metals, we use it for products where great strength is required.

3. The number and types of cutting tools used in practice are very large.

4. Different kinds of cutting tools are used for metal-cutting processes depending upon the kinds of metal being cut.

5. Some alloying elements make steel rust-resistant, such steels being called stainless steels.

6. Being the cheapest of the metals cast iron is widely used everywhere.

7. Having finished the experiment the engineers started a series of new tests.

8. When assembled the mechanisms undergo various tests.

9. The first metals used by men were gold, silver and copper, these metals being found in nature in the native or metallic state.