Vocabulary Notes

children

before 12th century

1) progeny; offspring of parentage; unborn or recently born human being; at common law one who had not attained the age of fourteen years, though the meaning now varies in different statutes [BLD]; 2) as a technical term, in legal instruments, “child” was always construed to mean a legitimate, as opposed to an illegitimate, child [JDEL]; 3) for the purpose of the Children Act 1989, a person under the age of 18. In criminal matters a child relates to an offender under the age of 14 (see Children and Young Persons Act 1969) [OCLD].

(термин суда по семейным делам) 1) ребёнок, согласно Акту о детях 1989 г., человек, не достигший 18 лет; как специальный термин в юридических документах “child” всегда толковался как законный ребёнок, противопоставляясь незаконному ребёнку; 2) нерождённый или недавно рождённый человеческий ребёнок; 3) потомство; отпрыск по происхождению; 4) в общем/традиционном некодифицированном праве Великобритании тот, кто не достиг 14 лет, хотя сейчас значение варьируется в различных положениях; 5) по уголовным делам ребёнком считается нарушитель, не достигший 14 лет.

first offender

1849

someone who has been officially judged to be guilty of a crime for the first time [CALD]; one convicted of an offense for the first time [MW]

несовершеннолетний, впервые совершивший правонарушение

infant

14th century

[Lat. infans, one who cannot speak] a person under eighteen years of age… A person who is not full of age may be described as a minor instead of as an infant… In the terminology formerly employed in probate practice, an infant was a person under the age of seven years, as opposed to a minor, who was a person between the age of seven and twenty-one years… [JDEL, с. 967-969]

(термин гражданского права) (лат. infans «тот, кто не может говорить») человек, не достигший 18 лет; в предыдущей терминологии в практике официального утверждения завещания судом “an infant” был человеком, не достигшим 7 лет, а “a minor” называли человека в возрасте между 7 и 21 годом; несовершеннолетний

juvenile

1733

from Latin juvenilis, from juvenis - young, a young person

a young person who has not yet attained the age at which he or she should be treated as an adult for purposes of criminal law. In some states, this age is seventeen. Under the federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, a “juvenile” is a person who has not attained his eighteenth birthday… [BLD, с. 867]

(термин суда по уголовным делам) юный человек, не достигший возраста, в котором к нему или к ней будут относиться как ко взрослому в рамках уголовного права; в некоторых штатах этот возраст наступает в 17 лет; согласно федеральному Акту о подростковой преступности, a “juvenile” («подросток») – это человек, которому ещё не исполнилось 18 лет; малолетний

juvenile

delinquent /dɪˈlɪŋkwənt/

a child or young person who behaves in a criminal way; synonym young offender [LEC]; a young person who commits crimes [CALD]

малолетний преступник; несовершеннолетний преступник; несовершеннолетний делинквент

minor

1612

An infant or person who is under the age of legal competence. A term derived from the civil law, which described a person under a certain age as less than so many years. In most states, a person is no longer a minor after reaching the age of 18 (though state laws might still prohibit certain acts until reaching a greater age; e.g. purchase of liquor) [BLD, с. 997]

(термин гражданского права) малолетний; ребёнок как человек, не достигший возраста юридической компетенции; термин, взятый из гражданского права, описывал человека, не достигшего определённого возраста «меньше, чем столько-то лет»; во многих штатах “a person” больше не расценивается как a minor («несовершеннолетний») после достижения 18 лет; несовершеннолетний, малолетний

under-18s noun

не достигшие 18

young defendant

The party sued in a civil lawsuit or the party charged with a crime in a criminal prosecution. In some types of cases (such as a divorce) a defendant may be called a respondent [dictionary.law.com]; the person against whom a lawsuit is filed [NPELD]; the party against whom a criminal or civil action is brought [research.lawyers.com/glossary]

(термин гражданского и уголовного права; термин Суда Короны) малолетний ответчик, малолетний подсудимый, малолетний обвиняемый

young offender

a young criminal, esp. a first offender, also called youthful offender, youth offender [dictionaryreference.com]

a criminal in Britain who is not an adult according to the law [LEC]

преступник юного возраста; малолетний правонарушитель; преступник, который, согласно праву, ещё не является взрослым, но уже больше и не ребёнок (описательный, а технико-юридический термин);

термин, применяемый в Великобритании к преступникам старше 14 лет [АРЮС, с. 303]

young person

(термин уголовного права) несовершеннолетний, несовершеннолетняя (до 18 лет)

a criminal court

a court that has jurisdiction to try criminal defendants [MWDL]

уголовный суд, суд по головным делам

the Crown Court

a law court in England and Wales where criminal cases are judged by a judge and jury [CALD]; criminal court in England and Wales: a court presided over by circuit judges that hears criminal cases in England and Wales [Encarta.msn.com]

Суд Короны (уголовное отделение Высокого суда правосудия)

a family court

a separate court or a separate division of the regular state trial court, that considers only cases involving family-related issues, which could include divorce, child custody and support, guardianship, adoption, and the issuance of restraining orders in domestic violence cases [NPELD]; a court that has jurisdiction and often advisory powers over domestic disputes involving the rights and duties of husband, wife, parent, or child esp. in matters affecting the support, custody, and welfare of children [MWDL]

суд по семейным делам (разводам, детскому попечению, опеке и содержанию, усыновлению, удочерению)

the Family Division (of the High Court)

It is a division of the High Court that has the jurisdiction to deal with all matrimonial matters:

• The Children Act 1989

• The Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985

It also deals with:

• Matters relating to Part IV Family Law Act 1996 (Family Homes & Domestic Violence),

• Wardship and adoption applications,

• Declarations in medical treatment cases,

• Final Dissolution matters (Civil Partnerships) [www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk]

Отделение по семейным делам

Это отделение Высокого суда правосудия, в юрисдикцию которого входят все супружеские дела; занимается рассмотрением жалоб на решения магистратских судов по всем вопросам семейных отношений, в том числе развода, раздельного проживания супругов, выплаты алиментов, опеки и попечительства

a juvenile court

a court that has jurisdiction over juvenile delinquency proceedings or other civil proceedings involving minors or juveniles [MWDL]

суд по делам несовершеннолетних

a youth court

(Law) a court that deals with juvenile offenders and children beyond parental control or in need of care. Former name juvenile court [CED]

суд по делам несовершеннолетних

Youth Court

Canadian court for offenders under 18: in Canada, a provincial court with jurisdiction over all cases involving offenders under the age of 18 [encarta.msn.com]

в Канаде местный суд, обладающий юрисдикцией по всем делам, в которые вовлечены правонарушители/преступники, не достигшие 18 лет

the Children Act (1989)

An Act to reform the law relating to children; to provide for local authority services for children in need and others; to amend the law with respect to children’s homes, community homes, voluntary homes and voluntary organizations; to make provision with respect to fostering, child minding and day care for young children and adoption; and for connected purposes [16^th November 1989]

[www.opsi.gov.uk]

Законодательный Акт 1989 г.по реформе детского права

the Crime and Disorder Act 1998

An Act to make provision for preventing crime and disorder; to create certain racially-aggravated offences; to abolish the rebuttable presumption that a child is doli incapax and to make provision as to the effect of a child’s failure to give evidence at his trial; to abolish the death penalty for treason and piracy; to make changes to the criminal justice system; to make further provision for dealing with offenders; to make further provision with respect to remands and committals for trial and the release and recall of prisoners; to amend Chapter I of Part II of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 and to repeal Chapter I of Part III of the Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997; to make amendments designed to facilitate, or otherwise desirable in connection with, the consolidation of certain enactments; and for connected purposes [31^st July 1998] [www.opsi.gov.uk].

Part I Prevention of crime and disorder

Chapter I England and Wales

(the extract from the Crime and Disorder Act 1998)

Youth crime and disorder

8. Parenting orders.

9. Parenting orders: supplemental.

10. Appeals against parenting orders.

11. Child safety orders.

12. Child safety orders: supplemental.

13. Appeals against child safety orders.

14. Local child curfew schemes.

15. Contravention of curfew notices.

16. Removal of truants to designated premises etc. [www.legislation.gov.uk]

Part III Criminal justice system

Youth justice

37. Aim of the youth justice system.

38. Local provision of youth justice services.

39. Youth offending teams.

40. Youth justice plans.

41. The Youth Justice Board.

42. Supplementary provisions.

Time limits etc.

43. Time limits.

44. Additional time limits for persons under 18.

45. Re-institution of stayed proceedings.

46. Date of first court appearance in bail cases [www.legislation.gov.uk].

Законодательный акт о преступлениях и беспорядках 1998 г. – акт по предотвращению преступной деятельности и беспорядков

the Adoption and Children Act (2002)

An Act to restate and amend the law relating to adoption; to make further amendments of the law relating to children; to amend section 93 of the Local Government Act 2000; and for connected purposes [7^th November 2002] [www.opsi.gov.uk]

The Adoption and Children Act 2002 received Royal Assent and therefore became law on 7th November 2002. However, the Act finally came into full effect on 30th December 2005. The first stage of the Act dealing with Local Authorities duties to provide an adoption service and support services was implemented in April 2003. The second stage relating to inter-country adoptions came into effect on 1st June 2003 and the third stage relating to Adoption Support Services was implemented on the 31st October 2003. Changes to parental responsibility were implemented on 1st December 2003. The changes to the adopted children register took place on 30th December 2005 [www.compactlaw.co.uk/free-legal-information/adoption-law/the-adoption-and-children-act-2002].

Законодательный акт по вопросам детей и их усыновлению/удочерению

Акт от 7 ноября 2002 г., в котором был переформулирован и улучшен закон, связанный с усыновлением/удочерением

a Practice Direction (February 2000)

Trial of Children and Young Persons in the Crown Court

1. This Practice Direction applies to trials of children and young persons in the Crown Court. Effect should be given to it forthwith. In it children and young persons are together called "young defendants". The singular includes the plural and the masculine the feminine.

2. The steps which should be taken to comply with this Practice Direction should be judged, in any given case, taking account of the age, maturity and development (intellectual and emotional) of the young defendant on trial and all other circumstances of the case.

The overriding principle

3. Some young defendants accused of committing serious crimes may be very young and very immature when standing trial in the Crown Court. The purpose of such trial is to determine guilt (if that is in issue) and decide the appropriate sentence if the young defendant pleads guilty or is convicted. The trial process should not itself expose the young defendant to avoidable intimidation, humiliation or distress. All possible steps should be taken to assist the young defendant to understand and participate in the proceedings. The ordinary trial process should so far as necessary be adapted to meet those ends. Regard should be had to the welfare of the young defendant as required by Section 44 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933.

Before trial

4. If a young defendant is indicted jointly with an adult defendant, the court should consider at the plea and directions hearing whether the young defendant should be tried on his own and should ordinarily so order unless of opinion that a joint trial would be in the interests of justice and would not be unduly prejudicial to the welfare of the young defendant. If a young defendant is tried jointly with an adult the ordinary procedures will apply subject to such modifications (if any) as the court may see fit to order.

5. At the plea and directions hearing before trial of a young defendant, the court should consider and so far as practicable give directions on the matters covered in paragraphs 9 to 15 below inclusive.

6. It may be appropriate to arrange that a young defendant should visit, out of court hours and before the trial, the courtroom in which the trial is to be held so that he can familiarise himself with it.

7. If any case against a young defendant has attracted or may attract widespread public or media interest, the assistance of the police should be enlisted to try and ensure that a young defendant is not, when attending for the trial, exposed to intimidation, vilification or abuse.

8. The court should be ready at this stage (if it has not already done so) to give a direction under section 39 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 or, as the case may be, section 45 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. Any such order, once made, should be reduced to writing and copies should on request be made available to anyone affected or potentially affected by it…

The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales

16 February 2000

[http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/cms/926.htm]

Практическое руководство/инструкция (от 16 февраля 2000 г.)

a Special Guardianship order

The Adoption and Children Act 2002 introduces a completely new court order, Special Guardianship, intended to provide another option for legal permanence for children who cannot grow up with their birth families. A Special Guardianship Order gives the special guardian legal parental responsibility for the child which is expected to last until the child is 18. But unlike Adoption Orders, these orders do not remove parental responsibility from the child’s birth parents, although their ability to exercise it is extremely limited. In practice, this means that the child is no longer the responsibility of the local authority, and the special guardian will have more clear responsibility for all day-to-day decisions about caring for the child or young person, and for taking important decisions about their upbringing , for example their education. And, importantly, although birth parents retain their legal parental responsibility, the special guardian only has to consult with them about these decisions in exceptional circumstances [www.baaf.org.uk (British Association for Adoption & Fostering].

Распоряжение о специальном опекунстве (или специальной опеке)

введёно Законодательным актом по вопросам детей и их усыновлению/удочерению от 2002 г. и является совершенно новым судебным распоряжением, нацеленным на предоставление другой возможности для правовой стабильности для детей, которые не могут расти в их родных семьях

a Bill (or Charter) of Rights

A Charter of Rights is a list of all the human rights the nation thinks are important and deserving of specific legal protection. This could include civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The Charter of Human Rights that the Law Council supports is just like a regular law. It doesn’t need to be added to our Constitution, like the Bill of Rights in the US. This means that it can be changed by Parliament if new rights need to be added. Australia is the only western democracy without a Charter or Bill of Human Rights. All countries with legal and political systems similar to Australia have a Bill or Charter of Human Rights. For example, Canada, the United States and South Africa all have a Bill of Rights in their Constitutions and the United Kingdom and New Zealand have Human Rights Acts. Lots of other countries also have Bills or Charters of Human Rights, including: India, Brazil, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Iraq, East Timor, Turkey and Argentina [www.lawcouncil.asn.au]

Билль о правах

это список всех человеческих прав, которые, по мнению той или иной нации, являются важными и заслуживающими специальной юридической защиты

the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)

The Crown Prosecution Service was set up in 1986 to prosecute criminal cases investigated by the police in England and Wales. The CPS was created by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. The CPS exists to ensure that wrongdoers are brought to justice, victims of crime are supported and that people feel safer in their communities. In undertaking this role, the CPS: advises the police on cases for possible prosecution; reviews cases submitted by the police for prosecution; where the decision is to prosecute, determines the charge in all but minor cases; prepares cases for court; presents those cases at court.

The CPS is the largest law firm in the UK, dealing exclusively with criminal cases. At the end of March 2006, it employed a total of 8,775 people. About 30 % are qualified prosecutors and more than 94 % of all staff are engaged in, or support, frontline prosecutions [www.cps.gov.uk].

Служба уголовного преследования

(правительственное ведомство, основанное в 1885 г. для обеспечения работы директора государственного обвинения; в компетенцию ведомства входят ведение дел по любым уголовным преступлениям за исключением тех, которые попадают под юрисдикцию Бюро по борьбе с мошенничеством в особо крупных размерах)

the Child and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS)

CAFCASS was set up on 1^st April 2001 under the provisions of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act which brought together the family court services previously provided by the Family Court Welfare Service, the Guardian ad Litem Service and the Children’s Division of the Official Solicitor’s Office. They are non-departmental public body accountable to Michael Gove, MP, the Secretary of State for Education in the Department for Education (DfE). They work within the strategic objectives agreed by their sponsor department and contribute to wider government objectives relating to children. CAFCASS is independent of the courts, social services, education and health authorities and all similar agencies.

The main types of cases in which the courts ask CAFCASS to help are when: parents or carers are separating or divorcing and have not reached agreement about arrangements for their children; social services have become involved and children may be removed from their parents’ care for their safety; children could be adopted [www.cafcass.gov.uk].

Служба судебной консультации поддержки по вопросам детей и семьи

CAFCASS была основана 1 апреля 2001 г. и является независимой от судов, системы социального обеспечения, властей по вопросам образования и здравоохранения и других подобных агентств

the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)

On 8 July 1884, The London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was established. Lord Shaftesbury was appointed as president and the Reverend Benjamin Waugh and Reverend Edward Rudolf as joint honorary secretaries. At the 1889 annual general meeting the Society changed its name to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Queen Victoria became Patron and Waugh was appointed as director. The NSPCC was founded in 1884 and its vision is still to end cruelty to children in the UK. The NSPCC has helped more than 10 million children in the UK. The first Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act was passed in 1889. This was largely the result of five years’ vigorous lobbying by Waugh and his supporters. The NSPCC continues to uphold and develop the campaigning tradition established by its founder, acting as an independent voice for children and young people [www.nspcc.org.uk].

Национальное общество по предотвращению жестокости к детям или

Национальное общество защиты детей от жестокого обращения

8 июля 1884 г. было основано The London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. На ежегодном общем собрании 1889 г. Общество поменяло название на The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Королева Виктория стала Покровителем этого Общества. Основной целью Общества до сих пор является прекращение причинения насилия детям.

the European Commission of Human Rights

It was a special tribunal. From 1954 to the entry into force of Protocol 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, individuals did not have direct access to the European Court of Human Rights; they had to apply to the Commission, which if it found the case to be well-founded would launch a case in the Court on the individual’s behalf. Protocol 11 which came into force in 1998 abolished the Commission, enlarged the Court, and allowed individuals to take cases directly to it [en.wikipedia.org].

Европейская Комиссия по правам человека

Была специальным трибуналом. С 1954 г. до вступления в силу Протокола 11 Европейской Конвенции по правам человека, люди не имели прямого доступа к Европейскому Суду по правам человека; им приходилось обращаться в Комиссию, которая если находила дело обоснованным (подкреплённым фактами), то отправляла его в Суд от имени того или иного человека. Протокол 11, который вступил в силу в 1998 г., упразднил Комиссию и расширил полномочия Суда, и позволил людям отправлять дела напрямую в Суд.

the European Court of Human Rights

(франц.) Cour européenne des droits de l’homme

The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg is a supra-national court, established by the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides legal recourse of last resort for individuals who feel that their human rights have been violated by a contracting party to the Convention [en.wikipedia.org].

Европейский Суд по правам человека

наднациональный суд в Страсбурге

the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe, the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity [en.wikipedia.org].

Европейская Конвенция по правам человека

Международный договор по защите человеческих прав и основных свобод в Европе

the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is a comprehensive, internationally binding agreement on the rights of children, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989. It incorporates children’s: civil and political rights (like their treatment under the law); social, economic and cultural rights (like an adequate standard of living); and protection rights (from abuse and exploitation). A child is defined in the UNCRC as a person under the age of 18 years [www.childrensrights.ie].

Конвенция Организации Объединённых Наций по правам ребёнка

Это всеобъемлющее, международное обязательное соглашение по правам детей, принятое Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН в 1989 г. Она объединяет права детей по: гражданским и политическим вопросам (например, как с ними обращаются в соответствии с законом); социальным, экономическим и культурным вопросам (например, отвечающий требованиям стандарт жизни), и правовой защите (от жестокого обращения и эксплуатации). Согласно данной Конвенции, ребёнком является лицо моложе 18 лет.

Youth Justice System

The Supervision Order

The following order only applies to those young people who committed an offence before 30 November 2009. It has been replaced by, and is now part of, the Youth Rehabilitation Order.

A Supervision Order can last up to three years. A range of conditions can be attached to a Supervision Order when the sentence is used for more serious offences. These are called 'specified activities' and can last for up to 90 days. Examples of 'specified activities' might be participation in Intensive Supervision and Surveillance (ISS), drug treatment (for young people aged 16+), curfews or residence requirements, which might require a young person to live in local authority accommodation for the period of the sentence.

A young person receiving a Supervision Order is also required to take part in activities set by the youth offending team (YOT), which could include repairing the harm done by their offence either to the victim or the community and programmes to address their offending behaviour, such as anger management [www.yjb.gov.uk/engb/yjs/SentencesOrdersandAgreements/SupervisionOrder].

the Lord Chief Justice

The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Historically, he was the second-highest judge of the Courts of England and Wales, after the Lord Chancellor, but that changed as a result of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which removed the judicial functions form the office of Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chief Justice is also the presiding judge of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal [en.wikipedia.org].

Лорд-главный судья Англии и Уэльса

является главой отправления правосудия Англии и Уэльса и также председательствующим судьёй Отделения по уголовным делам Апелляционного суда