2. Speak about the system of government in the uk.

Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch  Queen Elizabeth II  as head of State.

Queen Elizabeth II, who succeeded to the throne in 1952, is, in addition to being an integral part of the legislature, the head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Crown and the temporal head of the established Church of England.

Parliament comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen in her constitutional role. The Commons has 650 elected Members of Parliament (MPs), each representing a local constituency. The Lords is made up of life peers, and the two archbishops and 24 most senior bishops of the established Church of England. The centre of parliamentary power is the House of Commons. Limitations on the power of the Lords are based on the principle that the House as a revising chamber should complement the commons and not rival it. The proceedings of both houses of Parliament are broadcast on television and radio,. Once passed through both Houses, legislation receives the Royal Assent.

General elections to choose MPs must be held at least every five years. Voting, which is not compulsory, is by secret ballot and is from the age of 18. The candidate polling the largest number of votes in a constituency is elected.

The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons. The Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As head of the Government the Prime Minister appoints ministers, of whom about 20 are in the Cabinet  the senior group which takes major policy decisions. Ministers are collectively responsible for government decisions and individually responsible for their own departments. The second largest party forms the official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The Opposition has a duty to criticise government policies and to present an alternative programme.

Policies are carried out by government departments staffed by politically neutral civil servants. They serve the government of the day regardless of its political complexion.

3. Speak about the origins and history of democracy in the United States of America.

Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-loved and most respected of America's presidents, said that the United States had a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." «all men are created equal." The Constitution guarantees individual freedom to all.

The idea that the citizens of a nation should elect their officials or have a voice in making laws was not a new one when the United States came into being. Athens and other city-states of ancient Greece had forms of democracy.

Democracy as a form of government disappeared from ancient Greece. That was the situation in Europe in 1492 when an Italian named Christopher Columbus, in ships provided by the king and queen of Spain, sailed westward, seeking Asia, and landed in the "New World."

The New World consisted of what are now the continents of North and South America.

England had established 13 colonies in the eastern part of what is now the United States. Most of the colonists were English or from other parts of the British Isles, such as Scotland, Ireland and Wales. There were also, however, many Germans in Pennsylvania, and Dutch in New York.

Some of the early British colonists had come to the New World in hopes of enriching themselves. Some came because of the opportunity to own land or practice a trade.

In the course of its long history as a nation, Great Britain had taken several steps toward democracy. England (including Wales) had a parliament which made laws, and most people enjoyed a degree of individual freedom. England, however, had an official state religion, the Church of England, and those who did not accept that religion as their own were often persecuted. Many, such as the Puritans who settled in Massachusetts, left for the colonies in order to be able to practice their religion and not suffer for it. King James II. There he founded the colony of Pennsylvania, where he set up laws protecting freedom of religion and speech

Each colony had its own government. In the northern colonies (New England), for example, the colonists met in town meetings to enact the laws by which they would be governed. Other colonies were ruled by representatives of the British king, but always with some consultation with the colonists.

The British government required them to pay taxes to help pay for colonial expenses, but gave them no voice in passing the tax laws.

In 1774, a group of leaders from the colonies met and formed the "Continental Congress," which informed the king of the colonists' belief that, as free Englishmen, they should have a voice in determining laws that affected them. The king and the conservative government in London paid no heed to the concerns of the colonists, and many colonists felt that this was an injustice, which gave them reason to demand independence from Britain. In 1775, fighting broke out between New England militia and British soldiers.

On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress issued a Declaration of Independence, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson The Declaration described them as "free and independent states" and officially named them the United States of America.

The document says that all people are created equal

When peace came, the United States was not one unified nation as it is today. Each new state had its own government and was organized very much like an independent nation. After the war was won, the Congress would handle only problems and needs that the individual slates could not handle alone. It would raise money to pay off debts of the war, establish a money system and deal with foreign nations in making treaties. The agreement that set up this plan of cooperation was called the Articles of Confederation.

The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other

The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each

One fear was that one person or group, including the majority, might become too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny. To guard against this possibility, the delegates set up a government consisting of three parts, or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.

Another fear was that the new central government might weaken or take away the power of the state governments to run their own affairs. To deal with this the Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states, the states were allowed to run their own governments as they wished, provided that their governments were democratic.