2. Glossary

Abolish- упразднять, уничтожать

Serfdom- крепостничество- басыбайлық

Local authorities- местные власти

Official- чиновник- шенеунік

Remnant- остаток, пережиток,- сарқыншак

Pre-capitalist- докапиталистический

Peasants' commune- крестьянская община- қ ауым

Big landowning system- cистема крупного

землевладения

Overthrow- свергать

Provisional government- Временное

правительство

Dual power; diarchy- двоевластие- қос өкімет

Decree- декрет- низам

Reference

M. D. Richards. Revolutions in World History, L.,2005

5.The ussr in the 1920-s

1.Brief content of the lecture

1. New economic policy ( nep)

Civil war in Soviet Russia

At the beginning of the civil war in 1918 the Soviet government introduced emergency (чрезвычайную) economic policy- war communism.

*Policy of "prodrazverstka”

After the civil war industrial production decreased 7 times. Food shortage was accompanied by inflation. Policy of "prodrazverstka" did not stimulate peasants, trade fell. By 1921, coal production was 10 per cent and iron was 3 per cent of 1913 levels.

The X Congress of the Communist party (of Bolsheviks) in 1921 approved plan of economic development suggested by V.I. Lenin, this plan was called "new economic policy" (NEP). The opposition called NEP " retreat from socialism" The goal of NEP was to revive industrial and food production.

NEP: - was a limited return to market economies

• mixed economy was under the state control.

In industry privatization was made: small firms were given to private owners - in 1922 the state had only 1/3 of all enterprises.

**

***In agriculture- prodrazverstka was replaced by tax-in-kind.

Banking system- inflation was stopped by the introducing of stable currency with gold standard.

Results of NEP -improvement of social life. Wealthy businessmen and kulaks emerged.

Grain production was up from 38 to 51 mln tons, factory production doubled

2. Political development.

Foundation of the USSR

After the Lenin's death in 1924 the party of Bolsheviks was separated into 3 blocs, the leaders of which had their own opinions about the ways of development.

Stalin was for acceleration of economic development and proposed his own plan of industrialization and collectivization.

USSR formation. It was Lenin's plan : to unite all republics, their interests should be represented in the supreme organs of power. During the civil war the communist parties of the republics joined their military, economic and financial functions and the next step was to form the political union.

On the 30-th of December, 1922 , the foundation of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics was proclaimed. The USSR consisted of: Russian Federation, Byelorussia, Ciscaucasus Federation- (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia-, Ukraine). In 1924 Turkmenia and Uzbekistan (including Tajikistan) joined . Kazakhstan and Kirgizia were autonomous republics of the Russian Federation.

In 1936 new constitution was adopted: it united 12 republics. The supreme organ of power was the Supreme Council of the USSR, it consisted of 2 chambers: Union Council and Council of the Nationalities. The two forms of property were: state property and kolkhoz- cooperative one. Soviet citizens were guaranteed the democratic rights. But these rights were broken very often. During the mass repressions and terror not less than 300 thousand people were shot.

Document. Lenin’s Testament ( 1922)

Since he became General Secretary, Comrade Stalin has concentrated in his hands immeasurable power, and I am not sure that he will always know how to use that power with sufficient caution.

2. Questions for test

1. What is war communism?

2. Main features of NEP. Results of NEP

3. Causes of the USSR formation.

4. The USSR due to constitution of 1936

L. Trotsky’s main idea was:

A) world revolution

B) war against fascism

C) treaty with the USA

D) treaty with Germany

New economic policy in the Soviet Russia in the 20-s:

A) was proposed by Stalin

B) was proposed by Lenin

C) was sent from the USA

D) was adopted after treaty with Germany

Private property in the Soviet Republic was permitted during:

A) new economic policy

B) industrialization

C) collectivization

D) second world war

In 1936 the USSR consisted of :

A) 15 republics

B) 12 republics

C) 4 republics

D) 20 republics

Glossary

Approve- одобрять
Retreat – отступление	шегіну
Enterprise – предприятие	кәсіпорын
Estate – хозяйство	шаруашылық
Tax-in-kind -натуральный налог
Supremeө верховный, высший	жоғарғы
Chamber -палата

Reference

История Отечества.М.,2004, глава « СССР в 20-30-е годы»

Д. Боффа История Советского Союза. Т.1., стр. 153-172, 295-347

The European Dictatorships, p. 37-42 (KAU library)