- •Introduction
- •1. The subject “ Modern History” , its periodization.
- •2. Foundation of the industrial society, its characteristics
- •3. Socio- political thought.
- •2. Workers’ movement at the end of the
- •Brief content of the lecture
- •First organizations of the working class.
- •Political trends and parties
- •Workers’ movement and political trends in Russia at the end of the XIX- beginning of the XX c.
- •3. Glossary
- •3. The First World War
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •1 International situation by the XX century.
- •Situation on the Balkans
- •3.Causes of the wwi
- •4. Main events
- •4. Revolutions of 1917 in Russia
- •Brief content of the lecture
- •2. Revolutions of 1917 in Russia.
- •2. Glossary
- •5.The ussr in the 1920-s
- •1.Brief content of the lecture
- •New economic policy ( nep)
- •2. Political development.
- •6. Capitalist stabilization of the 1920-s World economic crisis of 1929-1933
- •Brief content of the lecture
- •1. Characteristics of the period of capitalist stabilization
- •7. The Second World War
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •The Second World War
- •Germany and allies
- •8. Peaceful Regulations after the World War II
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •1. Results of the wwii
- •2. Potsdam ( Berlin)conference
- •4. Post-war situation
- •9. The ussr in the 50-70-s
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •1. The Soviet Union in the 50-s.
- •10. The ussr in the 1970-80-s
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •1.The ussr in the 70-s
- •2. Perestroika in the ussr
- •11.The world in the 50-70-s
- •Brief content of the lecture
- •1 Restoration of the West economy.
- •Industrial society
- •12. East Europe in the 50-60-s
- •1.Popular democracy in East Europe
- •2 Course to socialism in the 1950-s
- •3.Revolutions of the 80-s and their results
- •13. Countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America on the ways of modernization
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •14.The Western World by the end of the XX century
- •1. Brief content of the lecture
- •1. Economic crises of the 1970-80-s
- •2 Changes in the 1980-90-s
- •15. New World Tendencies. European and Regional Integration
- •2. European Union, its main bodies
- •3. Regional integration
- •4. Globalization as a process
- •5. Impact and consequences of globalization
12. East Europe in the 50-60-s
1.Popular democracy in East Europe
Since the second half of the 40-s countries of East Europe fought for their national and social liberation, for the freedom in choosing ways of development.
During the WWII the struggle against fascism united various political groups and parties- they formed National ( Popular) Fronts : coalition of parties and different social groups.
*Their common goal-
After the liberation National Fronts made democratic changes. In 1943-1945 they came to power in all countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In Albania and Yugoslavia the governments were headed by the Communist parties .In other countries coalition governments were formed.
**Democratic changes
*** Social reforms
New system was called popular democracy. It was established in: Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Hungary, Its main features:
But by the beginning of the 50-s the party coalitions were split: the parties of small bourgeoisie considered the revolutions completed, the Communist parties saw their goals in building socialism.
With the support of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU) the East European Communist parties became more powerful and could do their reforms. Now the goal was – attack on the private capital. Nationalization was carried out in Yugoslavia in 1946, in Poland in1946. But it was not total nationalization: in Yugoslavia small workshops and small industrial enterprises were private; in Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania state and workers’ control was established instead of nationalization.
Soviet aid in the 50-60-s
The USSR granted credits for socialist countries - 9 billion rubles
helped to build industrial objects- 780
2 Course to socialism in the 1950-s
In the 50-s the countries of Popular democracy declared the course of “ building fundamentals *of socialism” using the Soviet example:
During the Cold war the USSR demanded to accelerate building of socialism. Moscow **dictatorship led to the conflict with Yugoslavia in 1947
Only the Stalin’s model of development was recognized. Since 1949 industrialization and collectivization were made in all countries. Small enterprises were closed, private property was transferred to state.
Repressions against opposition took place in all socialist countries.
Personality cult of the countries’ leaders was established in Hungary ( M. Rakoshi), in
Czechoslovakia ( K. Gotvald), in Albania ( E. Khodzhi), in Rumania ( T. Georgiou- Dezh)
Unification of economic models in all countries made it possible to integrate their economies- Council of Economic Cooperation was formed in 1949 (CEC) (СЭВ)
In 1955 Warsaw pact was formed- it united military forces of the SU and East European countries.
Results of the building socialism in the 50-60-s
By the middle of the 50-s economic growth was achieved but by high cost: life conditions were low.
***
In the world economy CEC produced 20 %
Political crises
June, 1953- mass protests in German Democratic Republic. They were suppressed by the Soviet army and German police. But the government had to revise economic policy and to improve life standard.
1956, in Hungary demonstrations of students demanded changes in the course of the ruling Hungarian Workers Party, to pass power to the leader of opposition Imre Nad, to establish equal partner relations with the SU. I.Nad became the leader of the government, new government began repressions against the Communists. Democratic changes took place: multiparty system was introduced; Hungary left Warsaw Pact.
The overthrown part asked the Soviet government for aid and the revolt
was suppressed.