6. Лексичні стилістичні засоби (гіпербола, літота, евфемізм).

Hyperbole-lexico-semantic stylistic device- figre of substitution-figure of quantity- is a deliberate exaggeration of a certain quality of an object or phenomenon.

Assigned features: can be expressed by all notional parts of speech. Commun.funct.: mounts the expressiveness of speech. Scared to death; would give the world to see him; I beg a 1000 pardons.

Litote- lexico-semantic stylistic device- figre of substitution-figure of quantity- is a specific vatiant of meosis(opposite in meaning to hyperbole. Is a deliberate diminition of a certain quality of an object or phenomenon. Ass.feat.: underlines insignificance of size, volume, distance, time, shape, etc. Comm.funct.: makes speech expressive. A drop of water left in a buchet, a cat-size pony, can do this in a second.) L.- ass.funct.- has a peculiar syntactic structure; is a combination of the negative particle «not» & a word with negative meaning or prefix. A combination makes positive sence. Not bad, not unkind. It is used in all functional styles in Eng. Comm.funct.: externates positive qualities of an object/phenomenon, makes statements & judgements sound delicate & diplomatic. +express irony.

Euphemism- lexico-semantic stylistic device- figre of substitution-figure of quality- a word/combin. used to replace an unpleasantly sounding word/comb., offensive. Ass.feat.: as periphrasis; strictly they are expressive means of lang., due to being registered in dictionary. Classification: 1. Religious devil=the dickens, the dence, old Nick; God= Lord, Almighty, Heaven, goodness. 2.Moral to die=to be gone, to expire, to be no more, to depart, to decease, to go west, to join the majority, to pass away. 3. Medical lunatic asylum=mental hospital, madhouse; idiots=mentally abnormal, low/medium;high-grade mental defectives; insane= person of unsound mind. 4.Political starvation=undernourishment; revolt revolution=tension; poor people= less fortunate elements; absence of wages & salaries= delay in payement; profit=savings. Comm.funct.: make speech more polite, cultured, delicate, acceptable in certain situations. (has an antipode- disphemism- conspicuously rough, rude & impolite words/comb., expressing high negative emotions).

7. Стиль наукової прози.

Scientific prose style- bookish funct.style & formal, as the one of off.documents- instrument for promoting scient. Ideas & exchanging scient. Info among people. Graphic pecularities: number/letter-indexed paragraphing, developed system of headlines, titles, subtitles, footnotes, pictures, tables, scemes, formulas. Vocabulary: special terms of international origin, set phrases, cliches, which introduce special flavor of bookishness & scientific character into text. Moph.features: use «we» instead «I» pronoun (the plural modesty). Syntax: like in oficial document- long & superlong sentences of all structure types, always 2-member & non-elliptical, complicated by complexes of secondary predication, detachments, parenthetic insertions & passive constructions. The genres of the scientific prose style: monograph, article, report, dissertation, thesis, annotation, resume, abstract (автореферат), encyclopedia, dictionary, brochure, scientific or academic publication, reference book (довідник), textbook, manual, review (рецензія), comment (відгук), program, patent, licence, code (стандарти)...

Scientific style is employed in professional communication. Its most conspicuous feature is the abundance of terms denoting objects, phenomena and processes characteristic of some particular field of science and technique. Scientific style is also known for its precision, clarity and logical cohesion.