8. Офіційно-діловий стиль.

Official doc’s style- bookish- aims to establish, develop and control business relations between individuals and organisation, individual and individual, states and states.

Is the most conservative one. It preserves cast-iron forms of structuring and uses syntactical constructions and words long known as archaic and not observed anywhere else. All emotiveness and subjective modality are completely banned out of this style. Is devoid of expressiveness, fully impersonal, rational & pragmatic.

Graphical level- specific rules of making inscriptions, using capitals & abbrev. Lexical level: domination of bookish borrowed, archaic & obsolescent words, prof.terms & clichés. Morph.lev.: usage of obsolescent mood forms(Subjunct.I, Suppositional), wide-use of non-finite forms of the verb, impersonal, anticipatory & indefinite pronouns. Syntactic level: long & superlong sentences of all structure types, always 2-member & non-elliptical, complicated by complexes of secondary predication, detachments, parenthetic insertions & passive constructions.

The genres of the style of official documents: memorandum, report, return, law, decree, statute, resolution, declaration, statement, convention, contract, different types of letters…

5. Лексичні стилістичні засоби (метафора, образне порівняння метонімія).

Metaphor-lexico-semantic stylistic device-figure of substitution- figure of quality-is the result of transpherence of name of one object to another object. It's nature is based on similarity of objects. Classification: According to a number of principles: I.According to a pragmatic effect produced upon the addressee:1)Trite(dead)-are fixed in dictionary, often sound banal&hackneyed, like cliches. floods of tears, seeds of evil, the apple of one's eye. 2)Genuine(original)-are craeted in speech by speaker's imagination, fresh & expressive, unexpected & unpredicted. We all want a little patching & repairing from time to time. II. According to the degree of stylistic potential: 1)Nominational- do not render any stylistic info, are intended to name new objects & phenomena of the objective world. The arm of the chair, the foot of the hill. 2)Cognitive is formed when an object obtains a quality wich is typical of another object. Do not posess great value. One more day has died. 3) Imaginative(figurative)- are occasional & individual; bright, image-bearing, picturesque, poetic. Her eyes were pools of still water. Time was blleding away. III.According to their structure(or complexity of created image): 1)Simple-consists of a single word(combin.) expressing indescrete notion. The leaves were falling sorrowly. 2)Prolonged appear in cases when a word, used metaphorically makes other words in sentence realize their metaphoric meaning. In fact it is a sequense of metaphors, most of which are cognitive. The chain of simple metaphors unfolds the meaning of the initial one. Communic.finction- one of the most powerful means of creating images. Main function-aesthetic. Natural sphere of usage- poetry, elevated prose. Add.funct.- canonized metaphors become symbols-object, which stands for sth.else. Stands for ideas, feelings, events or conditions, is concrete, evolving sth.abstract. rose=love, dove=peace, cross=Christianity, red color=passion, ace of spades=death.

Metonymy- lexico-semantic stylistic device - figure of substitution- figure of quality- a transference of a name of one object to another, based on the principle of contiguity of 2 objects. Assigned features: expressed normally by nouns, smt.- by substantivized numerals. =>synt.function- subject, object, predic. Classification: 1)Lexical- a source of creating new words or new meanings: table's leg, teaspot's nose, the press(people). Are registered in dictionary, is devoid of stylistic info. 2)Contextual is the result of unexpected substitution of one word for another in speech; is fresh & expressive. Communic.function: builds up imagery, points out this or that feature of the obj. described, makes speech expressive. The other voice shook his head and went away. Язык до Киева доведет.

Simile- Stylistic semasiology device-figure of combination-figure of identity. Consists in expressive comparison of 2 objects which have sth in common. Ass.features: don’t confuse with logical comparison. Classification: may be expressed by means of the following structural variants: 1)Conj. “as”, “like”. 2)Adv.clauses of comparison(as, as if, as though). 3)Adj. in comparat.degree. 4) Adv.word-comb. containing prepositional attributes: with the quickness of a cat, Samuel climbed up the tree. 5)May be implied having no formal indications of comparison. Commun.funct.: one of the most frequent & most effective means of making speech expressive. The more unexpected the comparison is, the more expressive sounds simile.