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8. Write the time expressions from the box under the correct heading.

Past simple

Present perfect

two years ago

so far

so far two years ago ever in 1999 yet just

yesterday for the past two weeks already never

last Monday during the 1905 over the last few years

since 2001 when I was at university

9. Transfer the sentences from Active into Passive.

Model: The manager examines organizational structure of the firm. Organizational structure of the firm is examined by the manager.

1. Vice-president gives orders to his employees.

2. I receive orders from the sales-manager.

3. My friend holds a position of general manager.

4. Personnel office receives resumes from prospective candidates.

5. Staff departments do different services to line departments.

6. He takes the orders and fulfils the task very quickly usually.

Model: My friend is examining the organizational chart.

The organizational chart is being examined by my friend.

1. I am sending my annual report to my immediate superior.

2. The foreman is firing his immediate subordinate.

3. Comptroller is giving the orders to his employees.

4. We are changing the organizational structure of our company.

5. The board of directors is enlarging the staff of the company.

Model: I have invested my money in real estate.

My money has been invested in real estate.

1. We have considered advantages and disadvantages of partnership.

2. I have bought the shares of IBM company.

3. This business has involved big financial resources.

4. We have elected the board of directors.

5. The board of directors have chosen the company officers.

10. Work in groups of three. Student a reads the first text; Student b reads the second text; Student c reads the third text. Text 1. Double Your Money

In the 1970s Herta Herzog, an Austrian psychologist, was working for the Jack Tinker advertising agency in New York. One of their clients was Alka-Seltzer, which manufactured a product for acid indigestion, sour stomach and headaches. At that time the advertising for the product showed a hand dropping one of the tablets into a glass of water. Herzog made a suggestion. She said that the hand in the photograph should drop two tablets into the glass. The advertising was changed and sales of Alka-Seltzer doubled. After the success of the campaign, other manufacturers began to use similar ideas to boost sales.

Text 2. Buying Without Shops

In 1891, when American farmers were complaining about high prices in shops in the countryside, Richard Sears had an idea. Sears was an agent of a railway company and at that time he was selling watches with his partner Alvah Roebuck, a watchmaker. His idea was to use the new national railway system and post office to create a new way of selling: mail order. Sears bought in bulk and so kept prices low. He was also good at attracting customers with advertising. By 1895 the Sears catalogue had 532 pages. The company was expanding fast, so it moved to a huge building in Chicago. Finally the company developed the first automated warehouse. This improved the capacity of the business by 1,000 percent.