Narrow phonetic transcription
The other type of phonetic transcription is much more detailed than phonemic transcription. In narrow transcription, we use different symbols.
Narrow transcription also uses symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. However, it uses more symbols than Gimson's phonemic transcription.
eg
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the "p" sound in pin and spin (the first is accompanied by more breathing)
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the "w" sound in wet and twice (the first is voiced, the second is not)
Voiceless oral stops are aspirated before stressed vowels/diphthongs in the same syllable.
It is customary, when transcribing English to leave audibly released stops unmarked (ie. [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]) and to indicate stops without audible release as: Here are some examples of pairs of words with and without audible release:
Voiced oral stops and voiced fricatives are usually devoiced in the following contexts: a) Before a pause (eg. at the end of a sentence or utterance):
b) Before a voiceless or devoiced obstruent (ie. before oral stops, affricates or fricatives)
Nasalization is particularly likely to occur when a low vowel such as occurs next to a nasal consonant.
Nasalization can occur for any vowel adjacent to a nasal consonant but it tends to be stronger and more audible for low vowels.
NASAL CAVITY
either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium(череп) and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx
nasal sonants
air meets a complete obstruction in the mouth cavity and as the soft palate is lowered, it pass out through the nasal cavity: m, n
8 Часть.
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Nasal plosion – In English a plosive (p, t, k, b, d, g) has nasal plosion when it’s followed by nasal, inside a word or across word boundary.
Written, that night
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Nasal twang - Exaggerated nasality in speech (as in some regional dialects)
Китайский и французский языки
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Nasalization - is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is [n].
Встречается в таких языках как: French, Portuguese, Breton, Polish
Назальные звуки: [m], [n] or [ŋ]
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Nuclear tones - is the most important part of the intonation pattern without which the latter cannot exist at all. They can be distinguished into:
Low fall – no
High- fall
Low -rise
High -rise
Fall –rise
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Obstruction - something that makes movement difficult
Obstructing airstream completely in the oral cavity: [p], [b]
Forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract: [f] [v] [s] [z]
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Occlusion - a stop that is unreleased, as the p -sound in stop, or deviously released, as the k- sound in acme, acne, or action, the t- sound of catnip, the g- sound of pygmy or ugly.
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Off-glide. Diphthongs can usually be seen as having two distinct parts — the nucleus, and the off-glide. a off-glide coming immediately after a speech sound, in which the vocal organs resume their normal inactive position or take the position for articulating a following sound. The organs of speech move away to a neutral position.
Cat – off-glide
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Orthoepy - means the doctrine of correct pronunciation within a specific oral tradition.
correct pronunciation, or the study of pronunciation. This is Received Pronunciation specifically, but other standards have emerged since the early 20th century.
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Palatalization - the articulation of consonants by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are "phonetically palatalized", and in the International Phonetic Alphabet they are indicated by a superscript 'j'
пальто
царь
tea
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Post alveolar sounds. The English affricative consonants [t∫], [dʒ] are articulated with the tip and blade of the tongue raised to touch the back part of the alveolar ridge. The contact is made as to block the air-passage for a short time. Then the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate and the tip of the tongue is slowly removed from the alveolar ridge forming a flat narrowing through which the air passes with the friction.
[t∫] - the vocal cords do not vibrate, change, challange
[dʒ] - the vocal cords vibrate. Fridge, charge
[ʃ] - as in shop, machine, sugar
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parenthesis -— a word, phrase or sentence usually having its own complete meaning, inserted into a sentence which is grammatically complete without this insertion, and marked off from it by punctuation.
"I shall not go there," he replied.
I asked John (my friend John Smith) to come and see me.
A dog (not a cat) is an animal that barks.
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penultimate [pə'nʌltɪmət] - In words of four or more syllables the place of stress is on
the penultimate syllable (third from the end), e.g.
Emergency
historical.
In Italian, Welsh, Polish languages.
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PHARYNX—s the part of the throat situated immediately behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and superior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx (epipharynx), the oropharynx (mesopharynx), and the laryngopharynx (hypopharynx). The pharynx is part of the digestive system and also the respiratory system; it is also important in vocalization.
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Phoneme - The smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning
p in “pin,” “spin,” and “tip”
m in “mat”
b in ‘’bat’’ in English.
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PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION— this type
of transcription is based on the principle "one symbol per phoneme". A phoneme
is reflected in this transcription as an abstraction and generalization. The sym-
bols of a phonemic transcription are placed within two slanting lines
/ /.
/fau'nfcmik trsens'kripJan/
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PHONETIC PRINCIPLE OF ORTHOGRAPHY - is a one-to-one correspondence: one grapheme corresponds to one phoneme, or sequence of phonemes. This principle is realized in phonemic transcription.
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Phonetics - is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phones), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception.
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PHONOLOGICAL MISTAKES - mistakes connected with the alteration of the meaning of words, which prevent communication. For example, mispronunciation of /9/ may lead to the confusion of
thought - fought,
think - sink,
mouth – mouse
thumb—sum
worth—worse
thick—tick
thought—taught
both—-boat
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PHONOLOGICAL OPPOSITION - a pair of words in which any one phoneme is usually opposed to any other phoneme in at least one lexical or grammatical minimal or subminimal pair,
Ten - den,
coat — goat.
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Phonology – the brunch of phonetics that studies the linguistic function of consonants and vowel sounds, syllabic structure, word accent and prosodic features(pitch, stress, and tempo)
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PITCH— the degree of highness or lowness varying with the number of vibrations of a note. V. A. Vassilyev defines it as "perception of the frequency of repeated pressures on the ear-drum".
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PRINCIPAL ALLOPHONE — that variant of a phoneme which is considered to be free from the influence of the neighbouring sounds.
Door, down, darn
Cap, come, calf
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PROCLITIC— a monosyllabic word or particle with no accent of its own, which is pronounced with the following pre-tonic or accented syllable as one phonetic unit. For example, articles before nouns, the particle to
before verbs in the infinitive, or cases like
forgive
begin
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PROGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION — the process when the iirst of the two neighbouring sounds influences the second and makes it similar to itself.
"handbag" is often pronounced [ˈhambag],
"hot potato" as [ˈhɒppəteɪtoʊ]
bookish style /bʊkɪʃ staɪl/as /bʊkɪʃ ʃtaɪl/
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Prosody - is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or choice of vocabulary.
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PROTRUDE— to move forward. In phonetics this term is connected with the protrusion of the lips.
Book
Move
Cook
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RECESSIVE STRESS— stress that falls on the first syllable or the root of the word if it is preceded by a prefix that has lost its meaning
'import
be'fore.
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RECESSIVE TENDENCY— the tendency which consists in gradual shifting of word accent to the first syllable (which is usually the root of the word). the word stress originally fell on the initial syllable or the second syllable, e.g.
foresee,
begin,
apart,
withdraw.
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RECIPROCAL ASSIMILATION – bilateral assimilation, when the neighbouring sounds are equally affected by assimilation. For example, in the word
Right now