7 Часть.

Loose nexus [ˈnɛksəs](свободная связь)

 1 A loose connection between members of a group or things in a series; link; bond

2. a connected group or series

3 a connected series or group

Loose transition [trænˈzɪʃən](свободный переход)

1)loose movement, passage, or change from one position, state,stage, subject, style to another.

2)a passage from one scene to another by sound effects,music, etc., as in a television program, theatrical production,or the like.

lungs

1) any of various respiratory organs of invertebrates   2)a mechanical device for regularly introducing fresh air intoand withdrawing stale air from the lungs

From the speech point of view, their major function is to provide the driving force that compresses the air we use for generating speech sounds. They are similar to large sponges, and their size and shape are determined by the rib cage that surrounds them, so that when the ribs are pressed down the lungs are compressed and when the ribs are lifted the lungs expand and fill with air.

Medial sound

1)within a word or syllable; neither initial nor final,as the t, a,  and n  in stand.

2)a speech sound between being fortis and lenis

melody

1)musical sounds in agreeable succession or arrangement.

2)combination of pitch and rhythm

Merging of stages is a simpler and looser way of joining sounds together. It usually takes place if two adjacent (adjacent -next to or near sth) sounds of a different nature are joined together. In this case the end of the preceding sound penetrates (penetrates- go into/through) the beginning of the following sound. During the merging of stages some organs of speech move away from the position taken up for the pronunciation of the first sound and others move to take up the position necessary for the articulation of the second sound.Merges of stages usually takes place when sounds of different nature are joined together that is to say, the sounds articulated:by the different organs of speech, e.g.: C+V: /pa:t/ part, /mi:/ me, /fo:/ four. V+C: /a:m/ arm, /i:v/ eve. C+C: /fju:/ few, /spel/ spell., by the different parts of the tongue, e.g.:C+V: /giv/ give, C+C: /kju:/ queue, V+C: /i:gl/ eagle, V+V: / / curiosity, both by different organs of speech and by different parts of the tongue,e.g. C+V: /wi:/ we V+C /-i:w-/ (as in the employee was talking to the manager.)

minimal pairs In establishing the set of phonemes of a language, it is usual to demonstrate the independent, contrastive nature of a phoneme by citing pairs of words which differ in one sound only and have different meanings. Thus in BBC English ‘fairy’ feəri and ‘fairly’ feəli make a minimal pair and prove that r and l are separate, contrasting phonemes; the same cannot be done in, for example, Japanese since that language does not have distinct r and l phonemes

Method of distinctive oppositions-those oppositions which show phonological contrast. These could be privative (a marked property is either present or absent), equipollent (both members are of equal status) or gradual (a less important notion, with several gradations of one property).

eg

In any language it seems that the sounds used will only differ from each other in a small number of ways. If for example a language had 40 phonemes, then in theory each of those 40 could be utterly different from the other 39. However, in practice there will usually be just a small set of important differences: some of the sounds will be vowels and some consonants; some of the consonants will be plosives and affricates, and the rest will be continuants; some of the continuants will be nasal and some not, and so on. These differences are identified by phonologists, and are known as distinctive features.)

Mid back vowels--The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel.  The tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.

eg

ʌ (Open-mid back unrounded vowel)

rug, shrunk, rough, won, flood

[ɔ:] open-mid back rounded vowel

law, caught, all, call, halt, talk, thought,August

o (close-mid back unrounded vowel)

roll, cold, not, wasp

Learn,verge,merge

mid-central vowel-The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel

eg

• Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a a close-mid vowel and an open-mid vowel.

• Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.

• Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

• Schwa is a very short neutral vowel sound, and like all vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants.

• like the 'a' in about [əˈbaʊt] like the 'e' in taken [ˈteɪkən] like the 'i' in pencil [ˈpɛnsəl] like the 'o'in eloquent [ˈɛləkwənt]

mid front vowels- The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel. The tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.

eg

e (Close-mid front unrounded vowel)

bed, dress,met

ɛ (Open-mid front unrounded vowel)

any,red,head,said

œ (Open-mid front rounded vowel)

bad, cat, trap, black, lad

The IPA divides the vowel space into thirds, with the close-mid vowels such as [e] or [o] and the open-mid vowels such as [ɛ] or [ɔ] equidistant in formant space between open [a] and close [i] or [u]. Thus a true mid front vowel could be transcribed as either a lowered [e̞] or a raised [ɛ̝].

Mid narrow vowels- . In the articulation of middle vowels the height of the middle or the back part of the tongue is intermediate, between high and low.

eg

<e> <ə:>;

In the articulation of middle vowels the height of the middle or the back part of the tongue is intermediate, between high and low.

eg

<ə>.