6 Часть.

Interphonemic alternation – alternation between different phonemes, which are represented by their different allophones, e.g. [as] alternates with [e] in man-men.

Interdental articulations are produced with the tongue tip or blade displaced a bit further forward than for dental articulations, so that the tip protrudes between the upper and lower teeth.

Interdialectical phonetic variations – variations in the pronunciation of one and the same phoneme, word of sentence in the same phonetic context and the same style of speech by different speakers of the language.

In case of consonants various obstructions are made. So consonants are characterized by so-called close articulation, that is by a complete, partial or intermittent blockage of the air- passage by an organ or organs. The closure is formed in such a way that the air-stream is blocked or hindered or otherwise gives rise to audible friction. As a result consonants are sounds which have noise as their indispensable and most defining characteristic.  Intermittent closure: typically the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge or the tongue back against the uvula, in different kinds of trilled. next to a vowel shows that the vowel is with a special vibrated voice caused by movement of the vocal cords. A single tap is made by one articulator against another, as in some pronunciations of the r in very, or the d in ladder, where the tongue tip taps once against the alveolar ridge. 

Interallophonic alternation - alternation between different allophones of one and the same phoneme, ex [n] alveolar alternates with [n] dental in nine – ninth.

Intonation – a component of the phonetic structure which is viewed in the narrow meaning as pitch variations, or speech melody.

Intonation group – an actualized sense group.

Intoneme – a phonological unit created by two or more components of intonation, or by a combination of various types of tonemes or accentareas, ex what difficulty! – what difficulty?

Intrusive sounds - an extra sound is introduced to lubricate the flow of one vowel to another. The utterance 'we are leaving' needs the /j/ sound between the 'we & the 'are'. Other common intrusive sounds are the /r/ & /w/, ex Asia and Africa, idea of, the law of the sea, co(h)operate, go(w) off, re(h)action.

Inventory of phonemes – in the English language the inventory of segmental phonemes consists of 25 consonant and 21 vowel phonemes (in the Russian – 36, 6).

Irrelevant features – different articulatory and acoustic features of speech sounds, which do not make them allophones of different phonemes, ex partial devoicing of terminal voiced consonants, variations in the positional length of vowels.

Jawbreaker – a word, which is difficult to pronounce. The inconvenience of pronunciation may lie in the need for rapid alternation between two widely different arrangements of the speech organs (gth in strength, mpk in pumpkin, ndk in handkerchief), in the repetition of a sound with a widely different sound intervening (ktk in parked car, ndn in brand new, sks in desks)—or with no sound intervening (deep pain, duct tape, iced tea)—or in sudden shifts between voiced and unvoiced consonants with the speech organs remaining in the same or nearly the same position (dth in width, kg in background, ths in months).

Junction – the joining of two sounds or words. When two vowel sounds come together at the junction of two words, they may be either pronounced separately or fused. The fusion of adjacent vowel sounds (more often simply the deletion of one of them) is known as elision: I'm, he's, they're; don from do on. Separate pronunciation, known as hiatus, demands slightly greater effort. Say the following phrases aloud: law officer, he entered, go on.

Juncture – the place, where two sounds or words are joined together.

Juncture phoneme – the syllabic boundary at the junction of words or morphemes that can be characterized by distinctive difference, ex a name – an aim.

Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.

“soup” [sup] = labialized [s]

[u] = unrounded [u]

[ε] = rounded [ε]

Labial – relating to the lips.

Larynx – the organ of the respiratory tract above the windpipe. It consists of an elaborate arrangement of cartilage and muscles and contains a pair of vocal cords.

Lateral – having to do with the sides of the tongue.

Lateral sounds – sounds in the articulation of which the air passages (or passage) are formed at the lateral sides of the tongue.

Laws of phonemic and allophonic distribution – if different speech sounds occur in the same phonetic context, they are allophones of different phonemes; if similar speech sounds occur in different positions and never occur in the same phonetic context, they are variants of one and the same phoneme.

Lax vowels – vowels in the articulation of which the muscular tension of the tongue, lips, and the walls of the resonating cavities is not so great as in the articulation of tense vowels.

The fortis-lenis distinction is usually thought of as the voiced/voiceless distinction in consonants. This is the distinction between the initial sounds in pit- bit, to-do, few-view, sue-zoo, etc.

Liasion (r-liasion) - the pronunciation of a normally silent consonant at the end of a word immediately before another word commencing with a vowel, in such a way that the consonant is taken over as the initial sound of the following word. Ex linking “r”

Lingual – articulated with the help of the tongue.

Lips – two muscular folds bordering the mouth; in the articulatory phonetics referred to as “upper” and “lower lip”.

RP is a social marler, a prestige accent of an Englishman; is a genuinely regionless accent within Britain (if speakers have it we cannot tell which area of Britain they come from); just 3-5% of the English population speak RP.