9 Часть

Recite to repeat out loud something memorized, especially before an audience. In studying a foreign language recitation plays a very important role

Reduce (reduction) is a historical process of weakening, shortening or disappearance of vowel sounds in unstressed positions.

Ex: he [hi: - hi· - hi]; combine [‘ kᴐmbain] – [kəm’bain]; knee [i:] – need [i·] – neat [i·]

Reduced form is possible inputs in speech processing, because the contextual distribution of phonetic patterns forms the basis of their underlying representation, physiological tendencies such as effort

minimisation play a much less prominent role in accounting for the patterns.

Ex: Supper’s ready [sɅpəz redi];

Regressive assimilation when the following sound influences the articulation of the preceding.

Ex: in them, the alveolar [n] becomes dental, before the interdental [ð]; width [widө] [d] becomes dental, before [Ө]

Retention is the ability to preserve the most stable properties in spite of assimilation or reduction.

Retroflex articulation is an articulation where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate

Ex: 1) Laminal post-alveolar, with a flat tongue. These occur, for example, in in Polish cz, sz, ż (rz), dż and Mandarin zh, ch, sh, r. 2) Apical post-alveolar, with a somewhat concave tongue. These occur, for example, in Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages. (Hindi has no retroflex sibilants, although some of the other Indo-Aryan languages do.) 3) Sub-apical palatal, with a highly concave tongue. These occur particularly in the Dravidian languages. These are the dullest and lowest-pitched type, and when following a vowel often add strong r-coloring to the vowel, sounding as if an American English r occurs between the vowel and consonant. 4) Apical alveolar, with a somewhat concave tongue. These occur, for example, in peninsular Spanish and Basque. These sounds don't quite fit on the front-to-back, laminal-to-subapical continuum, with a relatively dull but higher pitched sound.

Rhythmic stress the sense of movement in speech, marked by the stress, timing, and quantity of syllables and sometimes known as one of the components of intonation.

Ex: 1) The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free;

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea

2) Water, water, everywhere,

And all the boards did shrink;

Water, water, everywhere

Nor any drop to drink (rhythm made by repetition)

3) Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down. (made by inversion)

Rhythmic tendency when the primary stress on the third syllable from the end

Ex: revo’lution, organi’sation, as’similation

Retentive tendency when the stress in the derivative words has stress on the same syllable with its original or parent word.

Ex: ‘similar-‘similate; recom’mend - ,recommen’dation;

Rolled consonants are sounds pronounced with periodical momentary obstructions when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream.

Ex: there are the Russian [p, p’]

Schwa is a very short neutral vowel sound, and like all vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants .

Ex: 1) 'a' in about [əˈbaʊt] 2) 'e' in taken [ˈteɪkən] 3) 'i' in pencil [ˈpɛnsəl] 4) 'o' in eloquent [ˈɛləkwənt] 5) 'u' in supply [səˈplaɪ] 6) 'y' in sibyl [ˈsɪbəl]

Secondary accent The degree of stress weaker than a primary accent placed on a syllable in the pronunciation of a word.

Ex: proˌnunciˈation, ,maga’zine, ,hospi’tality, ,disorgani’zation 

Semantic tendency according to this type of tendency words with separable prefixes and compound words have two equally strong stresses e.g. ‘tin’known , ‘sit ‘down, ‘twenty-one, ‘eye – witness

Semi-vowels vowel-like sounds that act like a consonant, in that it serve the same function in a syllable carrying the same amount of prominence as a consonant relative to a true vowel, the nucleus of the syllable.

Ex: such as English /w/ or /j/ ("y")

Sense-group is a group of words which is semantically and syntactically complex. In Phonetics actualized sense groups are called intonation groups. The intonation group is a stretch of the speech which may have the length of the whole phrase but the phrase often contains more than one intonation group.

Ex: This ↘bed was ‘not ‘slept \in. – ,This bed⁞ was ↘not ‘slept \in

Sentence stress is a special prominence given to one or more words according to their relative importance in a sentence. The main function of sentence-stress is to single out the communicative centre of the sentence.

Ex: Normal stress: We have → plenty of \time.

Logical sentence-stress: ↘Nelly ‘spoke to him \yesterday

↘Nelly ‘spoke to \him yesterday

Emphatic sentence-stress: They were de‛lighted to ,see dear ,Soames after this ‘long, ‘long \time; and ↘so this was A\nette!

Silent stop the medial stage in /p, t, that is characterized by the "loss of plosion" in cases like: past perfect,board, eight days

Sonorants are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise. The air passage is rather wide when they are produced.

Ex: [m, Ƞ,n,(occlusive sonorants) l, w, r, j (constrictive sonorants)]

Special question are most commonly used with the low falling tone on the last stressed syllable preceded by the Falling Head or the High Level Head.

Ex: ↘Why did you de’cide to ‘do \that?

↘Where do you ‘live /now?

Staves  two parallel lines for intonation recording {by means-of special symbols)

Styles of pronunciation L. V. Shcherba suggested two types of style in pronunciation: full style and colloquial style. According to D. Jones, there are the following varieties of style: rapid familiar style, slower colloquial style, slow conversational style, natural style, acquired style, formal style

Syllable is a unit of organisation in phonology, the study of the patterns of sounds and signs in language.

Syllabic sounds are sounds that can form the peaks of prominence, they are vowels and sonants other than /i, w/

Syllable division the other aspect of the dialectical unity which characterizes the speech continuum and the linguistic importance of it in different languages is in finding typology of syllables and syllabic structure of meaningful units of a language.

Timber (tambre/tamber)  the quality of a musical sound, depending on what overtones are present and their respective amplitudes.

The tamber or the voice quality is a special coloring of the speaker's voice.

Teethridge is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth

Tertiary stress is a stress weaker than a primary and secondary accent placed on a syllable in the pronunciation of a word.

Ex: ,indi,viduali’zation; e,lectroen’cephalo,gram; ,disam,bigu,ate

Tonetic transcription tone andstress indicators shown by placing special signs on an inlmed sea«,«^ j between or beside the line of the text, These symbols are different, dashes and dots, small and big dots, wedge-like signs, etc.

Tongue twisters short rhymes sounds and sound combinations are included. They are used as training exercises in teaching pronunciation.

Windpipe the membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi

Transcription is a set of symbols representing speech sounds. The symbolization of sounds naturally differs according to whether the aim is to indicate the phoneme, i.e. a functional unit as a whole, or to reflect the modifications of its allophones as well.

Transliteration the representation of the sounds of one language as nearly as possible by the letters and letter combinations of another language. Ex: Mother [ мазер], Money [ мани ]

Uvula is the very end of soft palate

Velars  are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum

Ex: [Ƞ] - velar nasal- ring; [k] – voiceless velar plosive- skip; [g] – voiced velar plosive – get

Velarization a secondary articulation involving movement of the back of the tongue toward the velum

Velum is the fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth

Vocal chords (cords/ bands) are folds of membranous tissue that project inward from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat, and whose edges vibrate in the airstream to produce the voice