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Сacuminal vowels- the vowels , pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned back toward the hard palate.

Cardinal vowel is a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low.Three of the cardinal vowels, [i], [ɑ] and [u] (examples: "feet", " meat", "heat" "foot", " boot", " lose"," part" ," hard" , "card " )

Central vowel-The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.

Carrying power- inherent properties of soundsconnected with their sonority, which are due to their individual articulatoryand acoustic characteristics

A centering diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central one, such as [ɪə̯], [ɛə̯], and [ʊə̯] ()

 Checked vowels are those that usually must be followed by a consonant in a stressed syllable

 Chroneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words by duration only of a vowel or consonant

Classification  is a grouping different things in a systematic way.

Clear sound-the sound which is made softer due toadditional articulatory work, E.g, the raising of the middle part of the tongueto the hard palate (front secondary focus) "softens", or clearsin initial posi-tion, compare:

lily, light 

and

bill, hilt.

Close nexus- close connection between a shortchecked vowel and a consonant which follows it. For example: /i+t/ in the word

city

Close Transition-  articulation of two neigh- bouring sounds when the first stage of the second sound takes place alreadyduring the medial stage of the first sound, e.g. palatalization in the Russian

Coalecent- fusion, or coalescence, is the merger of the features of two segmentinto one. (dwis, "twice"

Combinatory Allophones-  variantsof a phoneme which appear in speech as a result of assimilation and adaptationor of the specific ways of joining sounds together

Comunicative centre- a word or a groupof words which conveys the most important point of communication in the sense-group or sentence

Comunicative types-the types of sen-tences which are differentiated according to the type of intonation. V. A. Vas-silyev gives the following communicative types: 1. Categoric and non-categoricstatements. 2, Disjunctive questions. 3. Commands, 4, Exclamations, 5. Spe-cial questions. 6. Alternative questions. 7. General questions and 8. Requests

Comperative phonetics- this branchof phonetics studies the correlation between the phonetic system of two or morelanguages

Complimentary distribution- means that allophones are “ distributed” as complements to each other in one context one will occur & in the rest another will occur. We can write this like this : at the begging of syllables, the aspirated allophones will occur. Elsewhere the unaspirated allophone will occur. They are in complementary distribution

Complete assimilation-the two adjoining sounds become alike or merge into one e.g. /cupboard/ or /less shy/

Consonant-A speech sound that's not a vowel; a letter of the alphabet that represents a speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs. ("There are 21 consonant letters in the written alphabet (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z)

Constitutive function of the speech sounds-sounds constitute words, phrases and sentences

Сonstrictive fricative sounds- fricatives (forcing of breath through a constricted passage) .  Passage of air is partially blocked . Constrictive consonants – [f], [v], [θ], [р], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h], [w], [l], [r], [j].

Constrictive sonorants– made with an incomplete obstruction but with a rather wide air passage; so tone prevails over noise.  / r ,  j , l, v/- (yes, union, use, duty, leap, peal, less ,lit ,lean ,lick…)

Contiguous- describes two things that are connected or touching along one side.

Continuants-  a speech sound that can be prolonged as long as the breath lasts, with no significant change in the quality of the sound: continuants include fricatives (s, f, t̸h, etc.), nasals (m, n, ŋ), liquids (l, r), and vowels.  Produced without a complete closure in the oral cavity.

Contoid-  A term introduced by Pike to act as the phonetic  equivalent of the term consonant. Contoids are sounds articulated with a complete closure in the vocal tract or with a stricture narrow enough to cause friction.

Dark sound- the sound which is made harder due toadditional articulatory work — the raising of the back part of the tongue tothe soft palate {back secondary focus), [w] and [1] "dark are pronounced withthe back secondary focus

Defects in speech-Wrong atrticulation of the sounds because of phisycal disabilities .

Dental consonants- consonants producedwith the tip and the blade of the tongue placed against the upper front teeth.For example:

 It,

d, n/

Depression of the tongue-low positionof the tongue in the mouth cavity.

Descending scale- gradual lowering of the voice pitch