- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •This inability to select the right allophone betrays a foreign accent. Abstractional and Generalized aspect
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Standards in pronunciation
- •English dialects
- •Received pronunciation
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •[P, t, k] are heavily aspirated
- •[P, t, k] between vowels are accompanied by glottal stops
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •The initial (начальная) [w,k,g] may be dropped
- •The medial sounds are dropped [t,d] in a cluster of three consonants
- •The final [b] is dropped in the cluster [mb]
- •The syllabic structure of English
- •Principal theories of syllable formation and division
- •Functional characteristics of syllables
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables) Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •The linguistic and acoustic nature of word stress
- •Types and degrees of the word stress
- •Functional approach to word stress
- •Intonation
- •The concept of intonation in our country and abroad
- •Anatomy (тщательный анализ) of an English intonation group (pattern)
- •Functional approach to intonation
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Repetition
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Rhythm as a linguistic notion. The concept of rhythm
- •Sentence stress
- •Rhythm as an effective means of speech expressiveness
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Voilitional function of rhythm
- •Угол – уголь
Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
These regular stress-timed pulses of speech seem to create the strict abrupt and spiky effect on English rhythm. Russian – more flexible and smooth. In order to bring the meaning of the utterance the stress syllables of the notional words are given more prominence and the unstressed (form words) are left very weak. So speech rhythm is traditionally defined as recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less equal intervals.
Professor Антипова: «the basic rhythmic unit is a rhythmical group. It’s characterized by one stressed syllable + one/ two/ more unstressed, attached to it.”
Unstressed have a tendency to clin to the preceding stressed. They are called enclitics. Or they have a tendency to the following – proclitics.
Each sense group is pronounced at approximately the same period of time. Normally unstressed are pronounced more rapidly. A rhythmic group may comprise a whole phrase like “I can’t do it” or a single word: “unfortunately” or even a one-syllable word “yes”.
There are some differences between the rhythmic patterns of speech realization, rhythmic organization of:
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Disapproving monologue – is different form a familiar emotional conversation.
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Informal spontaneous dialogues reveal a rich variety of rhythm organization and the change of rhythmic patterns. The beginning of the rhythmic unit is said on a higher level, louder, slower than the end of it.
They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
The phenomenon of rhythm is closely connected with phonetic nature of stress and sentence stress.
SENTENCE STRESS
Sentence stress – a greater prominence of words which are made more or less prominent in an intonation group. Under the rhythm stress may undergo alternations. Some rules concerning words which are usually stressed (un) in this or that utterance.
Stressed:
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verbs
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nouns
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adjectives
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numerals
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interjections
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demonstrative pronouns
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indefinite (sb or sth) used as subject
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indefinite negative (no one)
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all, each, every, other, either, both
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much, more, little, few
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notional verbs
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auxiliary verbs (negative contracted forms)
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only, also, too, even, just
Unstressed:
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personal pronouns
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reflexive pronouns
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relative pronouns
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possessive pronouns
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indefinite (sb or sth) – used as object (I want to tell you sth)
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auxiliary verbs (affirmative)
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prepositions
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conjunctions
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articles
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particles
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modal verbs (with the exception of negative forms and in general questions)
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weak forms of the words
The influence of rhythm in flow of speech is very important. Under it words which are normally pronounced with 2 stresses may lose one.
Read text sixteen
I like Piccadilly Circus
Stresses in an utterance provide the basis for identification and understanding of the context. A rhythmically organized speech is easily perceived. It’s capable of expressing different degrees of emotional influence on the …
How did you found out about that row?