8. Speak about solar power. Unit24. Michael faraday

1. Memorize the following words:

to contribute –вносити, сприяти

blacksmith - коваль

apprentice – помічник майстра, учень; віддавати у навчання

bookbinder – палітурник

apprenticeship - навчання

to appoint – призначати

obligation –зобов’язання, обов’язок

chlorine – хлор

carbon –вугілля

rough – чорновий, приблизний

alloy – сплав

benzene – бензол

anode – анод

cathode – катод

rotation – обертання, періодичне повторення

wire – дріт, провід

capacitance – ємність, місткість

mercury – ртуть

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary

Chemist, physicist, philosopher, terminology, electromagnetism, electrochemistry, chlorine, carbon, syntheses, magnetism, conductor, diamagnetism, electrolysis, phenomena, anode, cathode, electrode, ion, circular, magnet, battery, induction, ancestor, generator

3. Read and translate the text:

Michael Faraday was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He was born in 1791 in Newington Butts, part of South London, England. His family was not well off. His father, a village blacksmith James Faraday, had come to London around 1790. The young Michael Faraday, one of four children, having only the most basic of school educations, had to largely educate himself. At fourteen he became apprenticed to a local bookbinder and bookseller. He read many books and developed his interest in science, especially in electricity. In 1812, at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures of the Royal Institution and Royal Society and the City Philosophical Society. Later he was appointed as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution.

He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1824, appointed director of the laboratory in 1825; and in 1833 he was appointed Fullerian professor of chemistry in the institution for life, without the obligation to deliver lectures. Faraday made a special study of chlorine, and discovered two new chlorides of carbon. He also made the first rough experiments on the diffusion of gases, investigated the alloys of steel, and produced several new kinds of glass intended for optical purposes.

In 1820 Faraday reported on the first syntheses of compounds made from carbon and chlorine, but his greatest work was probably with electricity and magnetism. Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current, and established the basis for the magnetic field concept in physics. He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of electrolysis. He established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.

Electromagnetic rotation experiment of Faraday, soon discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism, he built two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire and a wire extending into a pool of mercury with a magnet placed inside would rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. These experiments and inventions form the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. The unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him. Faraday's law of induction states that a magnetic field changing in time creates a proportional electromotive force.

In 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. Michael Faraday's breakthrough came when he wrapped two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring, and found that upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual induction. In subsequent experiments he found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. His demonstrations established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. These in turn have evolved into the generalisation known today as field theory.

Faraday later used the principle to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor of modern power generators. In 1839 he completed a series of experiments aimed at investigating the fundamental nature of electricity. Faraday used "static", batteries, and "animal electricity" to produce the phenomena of electrostatic attraction, electrolysis, magnetism, etc.

In 1845, Faraday discovered that many materials exhibit a weak repulsion from a magnetic field, a phenomenon he named diamagnetism. Faraday also found that the plane of polarisation of linearly polarised light can be rotated by the application of an external magnetic field aligned in the direction the light is moving. This is now termed the Faraday effect. He wrote in his notebook, "I have at last succeeded in illuminating a magnetic curve or line of force and in magnetising a ray of light". This established that magnetic force and light were related. Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language. However, his mathematical abilities did not extend as far as trigonometry or any but the simplest algebra. Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics, some historians of science refer to him as the best experimentalist in the history of science.

As a respected scientist in a nation with strong maritime interests, Faraday spent extensive amounts of time on projects such as the construction and operation of light houses and protecting the bottoms of ships from corrosion.

He also advised the National Gallery on the cleaning and protection of its art collection, and served on the National Gallery Site Commission in 1857.

In June 1832, the University of Oxford granted Faraday a Doctor of Civil Law degree (honorary). During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a knighthood and twice refused to become President of the Royal Society. Faraday refused to participate in the production of chemical weapons for the Crimean War citing ethical reasons. Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court in August 1867.

A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the Institution of Engineering and Technology. A five-story building at the University of Edinburgh's science campus is named for Faraday. The former UK Faraday Atmospheric Research Station in Antarctica was named after him. Faraday was one of the then eight foreign members of the French Academy of Sciences. Faraday's books, with the exception of Chemical Manipulation, were collections of scientific papers or transcriptions of lectures. Since his death, Faraday's diary has been published, where he wrote, "One day sir, you may tax it.", it was Faraday's reply to William Gladstone, then British Minister of Finance, when asked of the practical value of electricity.