4. Answer the questions:

1. What are Mykola Pylchykov's contribution to Ukrainian science?

2. What helped him to lay the foundation of the theory of geomagnetism?

3. How are the names of Edison and Pylchykov interconnected?

4. What is Pylchykov's focus pipe?

5. What did Pylchykov invent and create to be called Ukrainian Edison?

6. Do you think his followers took into consideration Pylchykov's theo­ries and discoveries in different fields?

7. What were Mykola Pylchykov's spheres of interest?

8. What new instruments for measuring different things and protection of ships do you know?

5. Replace “can” or “could” in each of the following sentences by the correct form of “to be able to”

Model: We can replace these machines by the new ones. – We are able to replace these machines by the new ones.

1. They can understand this Grammar rule well.

2. He can send the message to you.

3. We can’t give you these electronic devices yet.

4. Can you hear what I am saying?

5. She couldn’t speak English before she came to England.

6. You can do this translation in time.

7. We could solve that problem easily.

8. Can you skate and ski?

9. I can make a scientific report at the conference.

10. Could they finish the experiment by 7 p.m.?

6. Replace “may” or “must” in each of the following sentences by the correct form of “to be allowed to”, “to be to” or “to have to”

Model: You may not cross the street when the light is red. – You are not allowed to cross the street when the light is red. We must translate the article into German. – We are to translate the article into German.

1. Everybody must come to the lecture in time.

2. You may use my textbook when preparing to the examination.

3. I must ask the teacher to put off my report.

4. She may stay at home today if she is ill.

5. The device must be demonstrated at the conference.

6. You may refer to the works of this famous scientist in your term-paper.

7. One must apply atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

8. You must write about this experiment in detail.

9. He may be the first to take his exam.

10.  To understand this phenomenon well one must know the structure of the material.

7. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. The productivity of labor at the plant must be raised. 2. To master nature people should never stop studying its laws. When water is heated evaporation has to take place. 3. For his selfless work and talents Mykola Pylchykov should be remembered and honoured in Ukraine of today. 4. The research conducted can help to explain the theory of geomagnetism. 5. These instruments mechanisms can be controlled by radio signals. 6. You may demonstrate the discovery when all the experiments are successful. 7. Such innovations can be introduced in many fields of science and tech­nology. 8. Only computers are able to the best find solution quickly. 9. Plasma is to find wide application in our new technology. 10. In future coal may be replaced by nuclear fuel.

9. Speak about life and scientific work of Mykola Pylchykov unit14 (revision). Magnets and inventions based on magnetism.

1. Read and translate the text:

A magnet will attract a few other kinds of metal, such as cobalt and nickel. Magnets may be of different size and shapes, and also may be strong and weak. The two ends of a magnet are called its poles. All magnets have poles. One pole is known as the north-seeking pole and the other as the south-seeking pole. The north-seeking pole is often marked with an N and the south-seeking pole with an S.

A magnet has an attraction for another magnet. The poles of one magnet will always react in the same way. Unlike poles of magnets attract each other and like poles repel (push away) each other. An S pole will repel an S pole and an N pole will repel an N pole.

Around each magnet is a magnetic field. Iron filings sprinkled on a paper covering a magnet will show the lines of force in the magnetic field. The earth acts as a big magnet. It too has a magnetic field with invisible lines of force from the North to the South Magnetic Poles. If a magnet is hanging so that it can swing freely, it will turn until the N pole points toward the North Magnetic Pole and the S pole points toward the South Magnetic Pole. This is caused by the Earth's magnetic pull. The needle in a compass is a magnet and points north and south because of the attraction between the needle and the earth's magnetic poles. What makes a piece of metal behave like a magnet? The smallest particles within a bar of iron or steel are each a tiny magnet with an N and S pole. When all or most of these particles line up with their N poles in the same direction, the whole bar becomes a magnet. Such a magnet may be made out of a piece of iron or steel by stroking it with a magnet several times. A steel needle which has been made out of a magnet will keep its magnetism for a long time. An iron bolt will lose its magnetism almost immediately after it has been made into a magnet. The strongest magnets are made from alloys of iron, cobalt, aluminium, nickel and copper.

Among the famous scientists, studying magnetism, one can name Alessandro Volta, who developed the so-called voltaic pile, improved and popularized the electrophorus, a device that produces a static electric charge. The battery made by Volta is credited as the first electrochemical cell. It consists of two electrodes: one made of zinc, the other of copper. The electrolyte is sulphuric acid or a mixture of salt and water.