The Customs Law

The Customs правила are closely connected with financial право which регулирует the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.

The Customs functions are: to calculate and собирать the duty on imported облагаемые пошлиной goods; выдавать import and export licences for ограниченные для ввоза и вывоза goods, to prevent trade in запрещенные goods.

So, the Customs business of the Russian Federation (as it is stated in the Customs Code) is the activity which includes the procedures and условия for transporting товары и транспортные средства across the Customs border of the Russian Federation, the взимание of the Customs payments, Customs registration. Customs control and other instruments for implementing the Customs policy.

5. Ответьте на вопросы:

Which category of law deals with:

a) budget, taxation, state credits

b) relations in the economic sphere of life

c) matters arising from employment relations

d) individual types of crimes and punishment

e) legal forms of executive and administrative activity

6. Which category of law would deal with the following crimes:

a) robbery

b) smuggling

c) violation of human rights

d) failure to pay customs duties

e) speed limit excess

7. Заполните диаграмму:

Law in Russia

Text B

Law is a system of rules established by the state.

The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.

One important distinction made in all countries is between private-or civil - law and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.

The system of law in our country consists of different categories of law.

Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country's Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.

Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with the legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of a government and ministries.

Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Crimes are wrongs, which, even committed against an individual are considered to harm the well-being of society in general. Criminal law takes the form of a criminal code.

International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credit other spheres of financial activity.

Vocabulary:

aim – цель, задача

safeguard – гарантировать

economic foundation – экономическая основа

distinction – различие

consist of - состоять из

private (civil) law – частное (гражданское) право

public law- публичное право

deal with – иметь дело с

principle source – основной источник

criminal law – уголовное право

legal – законный, правовой

be closely connected with – быть тесно связанным с

define – определять

responsibility – ответственность

crime – преступление

punishment – наказание

apply – применять

harm – причинять вред

well-being of society – благополучие общества

relations – отношения

taxation – налогообложение

1. Ответьте на вопросы.

a) What is law?

b) What is the main aim of law?

c) What categories of law does the system of law in Russia consist of?

d) What is the principal source of constitutional law?

e) What does criminal law define?

2. Заполните пропуски словами, обозначающими соответствующие отрасли права.

a) ____ deals with budget, taxation, state credits.

b) ____ regulates relations between governments.

c) ____ deals with crime and punishment.

d) ____ deals with legal forms of executive and administrative activity.

UNIT 3

LEGAL SERVICE

It is important for business people, especially small business people, to know something about the law, in particular, about their country's property legislation, since many companies have property contracts of different kinds. It is important to know what your company's legal liabilities are. Your company may own its own factories and office buildings and may lease some of its property to paying tenants. It may itself lease property from a landlord. In both cases, the small business person should know the details of each article of the contract to avoid breaches on either side. If either party does something illegal, then there is the danger that the other party will sue for breach of contract. The party with the weaker case might then do well to agree to an out-of-court settlement to stop the case from going on for too long. If you do not and the court's judgement goes against you, you may have to pay all the costs of the case.

Another important area of commercial law is the law on patents, which protect the company's intellectual property. This area can be so complicated, however, that companies have to hire or train specialists to deal with it.