- •(Введение) научно - методическое обоснование
- •Содержание и структура курса
- •(Методические рекомендации)
- •Engineering in our life Part I
- •2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •3. Read the following headlines (a, b, c and d). What do you think each paragraph will be about?
- •4. Read the following text and match the headings (a, b, c and d) from ex.3 to its parts (1, 2, 3 and 4):
- •5. Read the text again and decide if the sentences (1, 2, 3 and 4) are true (t) or false (f):
- •6. Read the text again and match the highlighted words with the meanings (1, 2, 3 … 8)
- •7. Read the text again and find the English equivalents to the following expressions:
- •8. Match the following words:
- •9. Match the words with their definitions.
- •10. Find the 5 steps of the process of solving problems. The words may be written horizontally, vertically, diagonally:
- •11. Order the steps of solving problems:
- •12. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •13. Read the following text and fill in the gaps with suitable words:
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •History of engineering.
- •What is engineering?
- •Now answer the following questions about the text:
- •Problem-solving process
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •1. Being an engineer
- •2. What is engineering?
- •3. What is engineering ? (a real video lecture)
- •2. Types of engineering Part I
- •1. What do engineers do? Use verbs to answer.
- •2. Read the four parts of one text (a, b, c and d) and put them into the correct order (1, 2, 3 and 4). Do not pay attention to the gaps:
- •5. Read the whole text again and put the main ideas of each passage to the correct order of passages:
- •6. Choose the best title to the whole text above:
- •7. Read the text again and find the equivalents to the following expressions:
- •8. Now answer the questions about the text above:
- •9. Match the following words:
- •10. Give synonyms to the following words:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •Main branches of engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •Civil engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •3. Mechanical engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •4. Electrical engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •5. Engineering and other scientific disciplines Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •6. Scientists and engineers Read the following text and answer the questions below:
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •1. Civil engineering
- •2. Electrical engineering
- •3. Mechanical engineering
- •3. Making the right choice Part I
- •1. Look at the picture and answer the following questions:
- •2. Answer the following questions about yourselves. Compare your answers with a partner.
- •3. Read the following text and choose the correct answers to questions (1-3) below:
- •4. Read the text again and find the equivalents to the following expressions:
- •5. Red the text again and decide if the sentences (1-6) below are true (t) or false (f):
- •6. Complete the following definitions (1-6) below with the highlighted words in the text.
- •8. Give synonyms to the following words using the words from the module:
- •9. Guess the words from their definitions.
- •10. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •11. Answer the questions (1-6) about your course and write a small text about it.
- •1. Read the following questions. Study the meaning of words that you don’t know. Think and try to answer them.
- •2. Read the following text and choose the correct answers to questions (1-3) below:
- •3. Read the text again and match the people (a – e) below with a suitable course (1- 4). One person isn’t suitable for any of the courses.
- •4. Complete the definitions (1 – 6) below with the highlighted words in the text.
- •5. Find the mistakes in spelling of the following words and correct them. Only one word is correct.
- •6. Guess the words from their definitions.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •8. Fill in the gaps in the following text with suitable words from section b of this module.
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •1. Why study engineering? (adapted from http://www.Science-engineering.Net)
- •International Engineering Students in the uk
- •3. Choosing a course in the uk (adapted from http://www.Science-engineering.Net) Read the following text and fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box:
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •1. Choosing a career
- •2. Choosing _______________ ________________ as a career
- •4. Materials and their properties Part I
- •1. Do you know the following materials? Match the materials to their definitions below:
- •2. Which is the best material for the following objects and why?
- •3. Read the information in the table below and put each heading into the correct column (a, b, or c). What is the order of materials in column “a”?
- •4. Read the information in the table from ex.3 again and find out which material (1-10) is best for:
- •5. Study the table in exercise 3 again and complete the following table.
- •6. Match the properties from the table (1-6) with their opposites below. Use your glossary or dictionary to help you.
- •7. Find as many materials in the following line as you can (11 words).
- •8. Answer the following questions.
- •9. Look at the following materials and complete the table.
- •10. What is the best material for the following things and why?
- •11. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences (1 – 12) with suitable words from the module.
- •12. Translate the following sentences into the English language. Give the idea of a sentence but not a word for word translation.
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •1. Materials
- •2. Materials science
- •3. Properties of materials
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •Materials science centre - what does it do?
- •Materials science and engineering at clemson graduate school
- •Materials science and engineering at penn state (08:40)
- •5. Smart materials Part I
- •1. Read the following sentences below (1-3). What does the word ‘smart’ mean in each one (clever, fashionable, formal)?
- •2. A) Look at the title of the text. Do you think the materials are clever, fashionable, or formal?
- •3. Find in the text:
- •4. Read the text again and choose the correct answers for questions (1–4) below.
- •5. Complete the definitions (1-8) below with the highlighted words in the text.
- •6. Answer the following questions to the text:
- •7. Match the following words:
- •8. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with a suitable word:
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this part with the help of “active vocabulary” section. Part II
- •Smart materials (1) Read the following text and fill in the gaps. Use the words given in boxes:
- •Smart materials (2)
- •Shape memory alloys (sma)
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •Shape memory effect
- •Smart __________
- •Fashion metamorphosis (02:30) – video, inscriptions
- •Materials engineering
- •(Глоссарий)
- •G r a m m a r r e f e r e n c e (грамматический справочник) Части речи (Parts of Speech)
- •Члены предложения (Parts of Sentence)
- •Порядок слов в предложении (Word order)
- •Существительное (Noun)
- •Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные (Countable and Uncountable Nouns)
- •Притяжательный падеж существительных (Possessive Case)
- •Местоимения (Pronoun)
- •Местоимения ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’.
- •Прилагательное (Adjective)
- •Глагол (Verb)
- •Смысловые и вспомогательные глаголы (Main verbs and auxiliary verbs)
- •Модальные глаголы (Modal verbs)
- •Глагол “to be”
- •Обороты “There is … / are / was / were / will be”
- •Времена (Tenses)
- •Present Simple (Настоящее простое)
- •Present Continuous (Настоящее продолженное)
- •Past Simple (Прошедшее простое)
- •Past Continuous (Прошедшее продолженное)
- •Present Perfect (Настоящее совершенное)
- •Past Perfect (Прошедшее совершенное)
- •3) Выражение будущности после ‘If… / before … / after … / as soon as …’
- •Система времен английского языка в активном залоге
- •Пассив (Passive)
- •Повелительное наклонение (The Imperative Mood)
- •Косвенная речь (Indirect Speech)
- •(Тексты для дополнительного чтения)
- •Engineering and art
- •Engineering and medicine / biology
- •Engineering in a social context
- •Scientists and engineers
- •Why Study Engineering? (adapted from http://www.Science-engineering.Net)
- •Careers in civil engineering
- •Professional Qualifications
- •An Incorporated Engineering (iEng) has:
- •What do Civil Engineers do? Civil engineers turn complex ideas into reality. They help make some of the most innovative structures in the uk and abroad.
- •Civil engineering offers a flexible, well-rewarded and diverse career with the chance to work and travel all over the world.
- •International opportunities
- •Job satisfaction
- •Careers in electronic engineering
- •Quality Courses
- •Careers in mechanical engineering
- •What is Mechanical Engineering?
- •Qualifications
- •Which Course / University?
- •Earnings Potential
- •Finding a job in engineering
- •Career Benefits
- •Here to help you
- •How university can benefit young people
- •Is higher education for you?
- •Ask questions! Before you choose a university! Ask yourself - and anyone else whose opinion you value - the following questions:
- •Student Life
- •Student Action Plan
- •If you are on the brink of choosing a degree course, this Action Plan will help you to make the most of your university years, even if you are not yet sure of your career.
- •1. Increase your self-awareness
- •2. Make an informed decision about what, how and where to study.
- •3. Gain relevant work experience
- •4. Develop skills for the workplace
- •5. Set aside opportunities to reflect on your learning
- •6. Use your contacts: develop the art of networking
- •7. Explore options
- •Properties of materials 1
- •Properties of materials 2
- •Computer usage in engineering
- •Types of artificial waterways
- •Modern uses
- •Cities on water
- •Choice of tunnels vs. Bridges
- •History of daMs
- •History of tunnels
- •A robotic spacecraft
- •History
- •- Telecommunication subsystem (includes radio antennas, transmitters and receivers which are used to communicate with ground stations on Earth, or with other spacecraft);
- •- Temperature control and protection from the environment subsystem (includes mirrors and sunshades for additional protection from solar heating).
- •Efficiency of bridge construction
- •History of bridges
- •The millenium bridge (kazan)
- •The usage of bridges
- •The examples of ancient architectural structures (the list of ancient architectural records)
- •1) Bridges
- •2) Columns
- •3) Dams
- •4) Domes
- •5) Fortifications (Roman military engineering)
- •6) Monoliths
- •7) Roads
- •8) Roofs
- •9) Tunnels
- •10) Vaulting
- •(Видеосюжеты для дополнительного просмотра)
- •(Ссылки на образовательные интернет-сайты)
- •S o u r c e s (список использованной литературы)
- •(Содержание)
- Temperature control and protection from the environment subsystem (includes mirrors and sunshades for additional protection from solar heating).
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Efficiency of bridge construction
A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge mass, given a specific set of material types. In one common challenge students are divided into groups and given a quantity of wood sticks, a distance to span, and glue, and then asked to construct a bridge that will be tested to destruction by the progressive addition of load at the center of the span. The bridge taking the greatest load is by this test the most structurally efficient. A more refined measure for this exercise is to weigh the completed bridge rather than measure against a fixed quantity of materials provided and determine the multiple of this weight that the bridge can carry, a test that emphasizes economy of materials and efficient glue joints.
A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic dependent, the ratio of savings by having a bridge (instead of, for example, a ferry, or a longer road route) compared to its cost. The lifetime cost is composed of materials, labor, machinery, engineering, cost of money, insurance, maintenance, refurbishment, and ultimately, demolition and associated disposal, recycling, and replacement, less the value of scrap and reuse of components. Bridges employing only compression are relatively inefficient structurally, but may be highly cost efficient where suitable materials are available near the site and the cost of labor is low. For medium spans, trusses or box beams are usually most economical, while in some cases, the appearance of the bridge may be more important than its cost efficiency. The longest spans usually require suspension bridges.
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History of bridges
The first bridges appeared in ancient times. They were made by nature itself — as simple as a log fallen across a river or stones in the water. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and cross-girder arrangement. Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to get from one place to another across the water. Long reeds or other harvested fibers were woven together to form a connective rope which was used in early bridges.
The Arkadiko Bridge is one of four Mycenaean arch bridges and part of a former network of roads in the Peloponnese, in Greece. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Several intact (= not damaged) arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese in southern Greece.
The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock. Brick and mortar (= a mixture of cement, sand and water) bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.
The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges. A Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of emperor Chandragupta I. The bridge also fell under the care of the Yavana Tushaspa, and the Satrap Rudra Daman. The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India.
Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of the Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge (approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.
Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 1500s.
During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Coalbrookdale, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.
With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.
In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road bridge in the world which was later built across the river Słudwia Maurzyce near Łowicz, Poland in 1929. In 1995, the American Welding Society presented the Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland.