2. Civil engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:

buildings bridges companies discipline engineering design engineer

First the term “engineering” referred only to construction of military objects. Later, as the design of civilian structures such as (1) __________ and buildings became a technical discipline, the term ‘civil engineering’ entered the lexicon. This was done to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.

Civil engineering is a professional engineering (2) __________ that deals with the (3) __________, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including bridges, roads, canals, dams and (4) __________ . Civil (5) __________ is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international (6) __________ .

A civil (7) __________ (in English usage) is a person who practices civil engineering. Originally a civil engineer worked on public works projects and was contrasted with the military engineer, who worked on armaments and defenses.

3. Mechanical engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:

Mechanics engineer Kinematics combination Engineering skills Thermodynamics field

The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish (1) __________ James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical (2) __________ . The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.

The (3) __________ of mechanical engineering is a collection of many mechanical sub-disciplines. Some of these sub-disciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a (4) __________ of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses (5) __________ and techniques from several of these sub-disciplines. Among these sub-disciplines are:

- (6) __________ (the study of forces),

- (7) __________ (the study of the motion of objects),

- Mechatronics and Robotics (the creation of hybrid systems),

- (8) __________ (the study of energy),

- Drafting or Technical Drawing (the creation of instructions for manufacturing parts),

- Structural Analysis (the study of why and how objects fail and how to make them safe),

- etc.