- •(Введение) научно - методическое обоснование
- •Содержание и структура курса
- •(Методические рекомендации)
- •Engineering in our life Part I
- •2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •3. Read the following headlines (a, b, c and d). What do you think each paragraph will be about?
- •4. Read the following text and match the headings (a, b, c and d) from ex.3 to its parts (1, 2, 3 and 4):
- •5. Read the text again and decide if the sentences (1, 2, 3 and 4) are true (t) or false (f):
- •6. Read the text again and match the highlighted words with the meanings (1, 2, 3 … 8)
- •7. Read the text again and find the English equivalents to the following expressions:
- •8. Match the following words:
- •9. Match the words with their definitions.
- •10. Find the 5 steps of the process of solving problems. The words may be written horizontally, vertically, diagonally:
- •11. Order the steps of solving problems:
- •12. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •13. Read the following text and fill in the gaps with suitable words:
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •History of engineering.
- •What is engineering?
- •Now answer the following questions about the text:
- •Problem-solving process
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •1. Being an engineer
- •2. What is engineering?
- •3. What is engineering ? (a real video lecture)
- •2. Types of engineering Part I
- •1. What do engineers do? Use verbs to answer.
- •2. Read the four parts of one text (a, b, c and d) and put them into the correct order (1, 2, 3 and 4). Do not pay attention to the gaps:
- •5. Read the whole text again and put the main ideas of each passage to the correct order of passages:
- •6. Choose the best title to the whole text above:
- •7. Read the text again and find the equivalents to the following expressions:
- •8. Now answer the questions about the text above:
- •9. Match the following words:
- •10. Give synonyms to the following words:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •Main branches of engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •Civil engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •3. Mechanical engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •4. Electrical engineering Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •5. Engineering and other scientific disciplines Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
- •6. Scientists and engineers Read the following text and answer the questions below:
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •1. Civil engineering
- •2. Electrical engineering
- •3. Mechanical engineering
- •3. Making the right choice Part I
- •1. Look at the picture and answer the following questions:
- •2. Answer the following questions about yourselves. Compare your answers with a partner.
- •3. Read the following text and choose the correct answers to questions (1-3) below:
- •4. Read the text again and find the equivalents to the following expressions:
- •5. Red the text again and decide if the sentences (1-6) below are true (t) or false (f):
- •6. Complete the following definitions (1-6) below with the highlighted words in the text.
- •8. Give synonyms to the following words using the words from the module:
- •9. Guess the words from their definitions.
- •10. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •11. Answer the questions (1-6) about your course and write a small text about it.
- •1. Read the following questions. Study the meaning of words that you don’t know. Think and try to answer them.
- •2. Read the following text and choose the correct answers to questions (1-3) below:
- •3. Read the text again and match the people (a – e) below with a suitable course (1- 4). One person isn’t suitable for any of the courses.
- •4. Complete the definitions (1 – 6) below with the highlighted words in the text.
- •5. Find the mistakes in spelling of the following words and correct them. Only one word is correct.
- •6. Guess the words from their definitions.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
- •8. Fill in the gaps in the following text with suitable words from section b of this module.
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •1. Why study engineering? (adapted from http://www.Science-engineering.Net)
- •International Engineering Students in the uk
- •3. Choosing a course in the uk (adapted from http://www.Science-engineering.Net) Read the following text and fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box:
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •1. Choosing a career
- •2. Choosing _______________ ________________ as a career
- •4. Materials and their properties Part I
- •1. Do you know the following materials? Match the materials to their definitions below:
- •2. Which is the best material for the following objects and why?
- •3. Read the information in the table below and put each heading into the correct column (a, b, or c). What is the order of materials in column “a”?
- •4. Read the information in the table from ex.3 again and find out which material (1-10) is best for:
- •5. Study the table in exercise 3 again and complete the following table.
- •6. Match the properties from the table (1-6) with their opposites below. Use your glossary or dictionary to help you.
- •7. Find as many materials in the following line as you can (11 words).
- •8. Answer the following questions.
- •9. Look at the following materials and complete the table.
- •10. What is the best material for the following things and why?
- •11. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences (1 – 12) with suitable words from the module.
- •12. Translate the following sentences into the English language. Give the idea of a sentence but not a word for word translation.
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
- •Part II
- •1. Materials
- •2. Materials science
- •3. Properties of materials
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •Materials science centre - what does it do?
- •Materials science and engineering at clemson graduate school
- •Materials science and engineering at penn state (08:40)
- •5. Smart materials Part I
- •1. Read the following sentences below (1-3). What does the word ‘smart’ mean in each one (clever, fashionable, formal)?
- •2. A) Look at the title of the text. Do you think the materials are clever, fashionable, or formal?
- •3. Find in the text:
- •4. Read the text again and choose the correct answers for questions (1–4) below.
- •5. Complete the definitions (1-8) below with the highlighted words in the text.
- •6. Answer the following questions to the text:
- •7. Match the following words:
- •8. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with a suitable word:
- •Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this part with the help of “active vocabulary” section. Part II
- •Smart materials (1) Read the following text and fill in the gaps. Use the words given in boxes:
- •Smart materials (2)
- •Shape memory alloys (sma)
- •Part III (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
- •Shape memory effect
- •Smart __________
- •Fashion metamorphosis (02:30) – video, inscriptions
- •Materials engineering
- •(Глоссарий)
- •G r a m m a r r e f e r e n c e (грамматический справочник) Части речи (Parts of Speech)
- •Члены предложения (Parts of Sentence)
- •Порядок слов в предложении (Word order)
- •Существительное (Noun)
- •Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные (Countable and Uncountable Nouns)
- •Притяжательный падеж существительных (Possessive Case)
- •Местоимения (Pronoun)
- •Местоимения ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’.
- •Прилагательное (Adjective)
- •Глагол (Verb)
- •Смысловые и вспомогательные глаголы (Main verbs and auxiliary verbs)
- •Модальные глаголы (Modal verbs)
- •Глагол “to be”
- •Обороты “There is … / are / was / were / will be”
- •Времена (Tenses)
- •Present Simple (Настоящее простое)
- •Present Continuous (Настоящее продолженное)
- •Past Simple (Прошедшее простое)
- •Past Continuous (Прошедшее продолженное)
- •Present Perfect (Настоящее совершенное)
- •Past Perfect (Прошедшее совершенное)
- •3) Выражение будущности после ‘If… / before … / after … / as soon as …’
- •Система времен английского языка в активном залоге
- •Пассив (Passive)
- •Повелительное наклонение (The Imperative Mood)
- •Косвенная речь (Indirect Speech)
- •(Тексты для дополнительного чтения)
- •Engineering and art
- •Engineering and medicine / biology
- •Engineering in a social context
- •Scientists and engineers
- •Why Study Engineering? (adapted from http://www.Science-engineering.Net)
- •Careers in civil engineering
- •Professional Qualifications
- •An Incorporated Engineering (iEng) has:
- •What do Civil Engineers do? Civil engineers turn complex ideas into reality. They help make some of the most innovative structures in the uk and abroad.
- •Civil engineering offers a flexible, well-rewarded and diverse career with the chance to work and travel all over the world.
- •International opportunities
- •Job satisfaction
- •Careers in electronic engineering
- •Quality Courses
- •Careers in mechanical engineering
- •What is Mechanical Engineering?
- •Qualifications
- •Which Course / University?
- •Earnings Potential
- •Finding a job in engineering
- •Career Benefits
- •Here to help you
- •How university can benefit young people
- •Is higher education for you?
- •Ask questions! Before you choose a university! Ask yourself - and anyone else whose opinion you value - the following questions:
- •Student Life
- •Student Action Plan
- •If you are on the brink of choosing a degree course, this Action Plan will help you to make the most of your university years, even if you are not yet sure of your career.
- •1. Increase your self-awareness
- •2. Make an informed decision about what, how and where to study.
- •3. Gain relevant work experience
- •4. Develop skills for the workplace
- •5. Set aside opportunities to reflect on your learning
- •6. Use your contacts: develop the art of networking
- •7. Explore options
- •Properties of materials 1
- •Properties of materials 2
- •Computer usage in engineering
- •Types of artificial waterways
- •Modern uses
- •Cities on water
- •Choice of tunnels vs. Bridges
- •History of daMs
- •History of tunnels
- •A robotic spacecraft
- •History
- •- Telecommunication subsystem (includes radio antennas, transmitters and receivers which are used to communicate with ground stations on Earth, or with other spacecraft);
- •- Temperature control and protection from the environment subsystem (includes mirrors and sunshades for additional protection from solar heating).
- •Efficiency of bridge construction
- •History of bridges
- •The millenium bridge (kazan)
- •The usage of bridges
- •The examples of ancient architectural structures (the list of ancient architectural records)
- •1) Bridges
- •2) Columns
- •3) Dams
- •4) Domes
- •5) Fortifications (Roman military engineering)
- •6) Monoliths
- •7) Roads
- •8) Roofs
- •9) Tunnels
- •10) Vaulting
- •(Видеосюжеты для дополнительного просмотра)
- •(Ссылки на образовательные интернет-сайты)
- •S o u r c e s (список использованной литературы)
- •(Содержание)
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History of tunnels
The oldest used rail tunnel in the world was built in 1836. Only a short section of it remains now in Liverpool.
The World's oldest underwater tunnel is said to be the Terelek kaya tüneli under Kızıl River, a little south of the towns of Boyabat and Duragan in Turkey. It was built more than 2000 years ago (possibly 5000) and possibly had a defensive purpose.
The examples of other historical tunnels are as follows:
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The ‘qanat’ or ‘kareez’ of Persia is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. The oldest and largest known system is in the Iranian city of Gonabad, which after 2700 years, still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its depth is more than 360 m (1,180 ft), and its length is 45 km (28 mi).
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The Eupalinian aqueduct on the island of Samos (North Aegean, Greece). Built in 520 BC by the ancient Greek engineer Eupalinos of Megara. Eupalinos organised the work so that the tunnel construction began from both sides of mount Kastro. The two teams advanced simultaneously (= at one and the same time) and met in the middle with excellent accuracy, something that was extremely difficult in that time. The aqueduct was of defensive importance, since it ran underground, and it was not easily found by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the water supply to Pythagoreion, the ancient capital of Samos. The tunnel's existence was recorded by Herodotus (as was the mole and harbour, and the third wonder of the island, the great temple to Hera, thought by many to be the largest in the Greek world). The precise location of the tunnel was only re-established in the 19th century by German archaeologists. The tunnel is 1,030 m long (3,380 ft) and visitors can still enter it.
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Sapperton Canal Tunnel on the Thames and Severn Canal in England was dug through hills, and was opened in 1789. It was 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long and allowed boat transport of coal and other goods. Above it runs the Sapperton Long Tunnel which carries the "Golden Valley" railway line between Swindon and Gloucester.
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The 1796 Stoddart Tunnel in Chapel-en-le-Frith in Derbyshire is reputed to be the oldest rail tunnel in the world. Rail wagons were horse-drawn at that time.
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The tunnel was created for the first true steam locomotive, from Penydarren to Abercynon. The Penydarren locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick. The locomotive made the historic journey from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804. Part of this tunnel can still be seen at Pentrebach, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. This is the oldest railway tunnel in the world, for self-propelled steam engines on rails.
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The Montgomery Bell Tunnel in Tennessee was a 290-foot (88-metre) long, high water diversion tunnel, 15-×-8 ft high (4.6-×-2.4 m), to power a water wheel. It was built by slave labour in 1819, being the first full-scale tunnel in North America.
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Crown Street Station, Liverpool, 1829. It was built by George Stephenson. It was a single track tunnel 291 yd long (266 m). It was bored from Edge Hill to Crown Street to serve the world's first passenger railway station. The station was abandoned in 1836 being too far from Liverpool city centre, with the area converted for freight use. Closed down in 1972, the tunnel is disused. However it is the oldest rail tunnel running under streets in the world.
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The 1.26 mile (2.03 km) 1829 Wapping Tunnel in Liverpool, England, was the first rail tunnel bored under a metropolis. Currently it has been disused since 1972. Having two tracks, the tunnel runs from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the south end. The tunnel is still in excellent condition and is being considered for reuse by Merseyrail rapid transit rail system, with maybe an underground station cut into the tunnel. The river portal is opposite the new Liverpool Arena being ideal for a serving station. If reused, it will be the oldest used underground rail tunnel in the world and oldest part of any underground metro system.
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Box Tunnel in England, opened in 1841, was the longest railway tunnel in the world at the time of construction. It was dug and has a length of 2.9 km (1.8 mi).
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The 0.75 mile long, constructed in 1842 Shildon tunnel near Darlington, England, is the oldest sizable tunnel in the world still in use under a settlement.
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The Thames Tunnel, built by Marc Isambard Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel and opened in 1843, was the first underwater tunnel. Originally used as a foot-tunnel, it was a part of the East London Line of the London Underground until 2007, being the oldest section of the system. From 2010 the tunnel becomes a part of the London Overground system.
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The oldest underground sections of the London Underground were built using the cut-and-cover method in the 1860s. The Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City, Circle and District lines were the first to prove the success of a metro or subway system. Dating from 1863, Baker Street station is the oldest underground station in the world.
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The 1882 Col de Tende Road Tunnel, at 3182 metres long, was one of the first long road tunnels under a pass, running between France and Italy.
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The rail Severn Tunnel was opened in late 1886, at 4 miles 624 yd (7,008 m) long, although only 2¼ miles (3.62 km) of the tunnel is actually under the river. The tunnel replaced the Mersey Railway tunnel's longest under water record, which it held for less than a year.
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St. Clair Tunnel, also opened later in 1890, linked the elements of the Greathead tunnels on a larger scale.
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The 1927 Holland Tunnel was the first underwater tunnel designed for automobiles. This fact required a novel ventilation system.
The List of tunnels by length:
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The Delaware Aqueduct in New York USA is the longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at 137 km (85 mi). It is drilled through solid rock.
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The Seikan Tunnel in Japan is the longest rail tunnel in the world at 53.9 km (33.5 mi), of which 23.3 km (14.5 mi) is under the sea.
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The Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom under the English Channel is the second-longest, with a total length of 50 km (31 mi), of which 39 km (24 mi) is under the sea.
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The Lötschberg Base Tunnel opened in June 2007 in Switzerland is the longest land rail tunnel, with a total of 34.5 km (21.4 mi).
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The Lærdal Tunnel in Norway from Lærdal to Aurland is the world's longest road tunnel, intended for cars and similar vehicles, at 24.5 km (15.2 mi).
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The Zhongnanshan Tunnel in People's Republic of China opened in January 2007 is the world's second longest highway tunnel and the longest road tunnel in Asia, at 18 km (11 mi).
The longest canal tunnel is the Standedge Tunnel in the United Kingdom, over 5 km (3.1 mi) long.