- •Vacuum technology development
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •6. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •8. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •9. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •14. Match the parts of the sentences.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous
- •17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.
- •19. Translate the text from Russian into English. Use the list of words below for help.
- •Unit II. Theory of pvd Coatings
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the following questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Match the words with the synonyms (text a).
- •12. Match the same words with the antonyms (text a).
- •13. Translate the text on theory and practical use of pvd coatings, study the structure of TiAln. Make its technical and non-technical description.
- •14. Scan the text about Copper (Cu) carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers to make as many correct sentences-statements as possible.
- •17. See the difference in the following words. Use a dictionary. Read all of them aloud. Make some sentences of your own. Some eight examples are given for you.
- •20. Learn the poem “The Planets” by heart. Say, if gold, silver and lead are used in vacuum technologies. What does present-day science say about the content of metals in the planets? The Planets
- •21. Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.
- •24. Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below.
- •25. Look through the texts a-b again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •History
- •II. Home Appliances II: Vacuum-Cleaner
- •20. Scan the biography. Put questions to the given answers.
- •Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •13. Special Quiz. Think of the better way to remember the most of the vocabulary and the vacuum pump classification. Share your opinion on it with your partner.
- •Russian English
- •II. Классификация вакуумных насосов по принципу действия
- •15. A) Open the brackets giving the right forms of the words; b) Translate the text “Cryopump” in a written form; c) Compare texts 15.1 and 15.2.
- •16. Grammar Tutorials: Question Technique Read and give a title to the text. Put questions to the given answers.
- •18. Translate from Russian into English. Use the proper grammar rules and the prompting words in brackets.
- •19. Read the text “Pump Accessories”. Pay attention to the abbreviations, and Stone Wall Constructions. Summarize the text.
- •20. Translate the following abbreviations and Stone Wall Constructions.
- •21. Read about some pumps’ features and benefits. Pay attention to the suffixes in the words, describing the pumps. Using the descriptive words, try to persuade the customers to buy the pumps.
- •23. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Unit VI. Pumps and Compressors
- •“First, be sure a thing is wanted or needed, then go ahead.” Thomas Edison.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read the text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Open the brackets. Give the right forms of the words in bold. Translate the text in a written form.
- •14. Special Quiz. Read about the uses of compressors. Match the parts of the sentences making the sentences complete. Start from: Gas compressors are used … … .
- •17. Study the key words to the crossword from Unit III.
- •18. Engineer tested. Do you believe …
- •19. Study the compressor refrigerator schematic, operation and construction. Discuss the information in dialogues. How do you see the compressor refrigerator in the future?
- •Construction
- •20. Scan the biography both I) in English and II) in Russian. Make a close look at English and Russian versions. Find and write down the differences.
- •Follow-up Activity
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •1. Kinetic Devices (General View).
- •Unit VII. Vacuum Engineering and Its Prospects
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics.
- •3. Read text a. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.
- •5. Answer the questions to text a.
- •6. Read text b. Pay attention to the words in bold type.
- •7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text b.
- •8. Answer the questions to text b.
- •9. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Match the words with their definitions. Consult the dictionaries.
- •10. Match the words with the synonyms.
- •11. Match the same words with the antonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Scan the text. Make its summary in Russian then give English translation of the summary.
- •14. 1) Scan the biography of Sir William Crookes. Pay attention to the underlined words and notions. Say or write what you know about them.
- •14. 2) Scan the biography of John Dalton. Put questions to the given answers.
- •15. Scan the article “Vacuum Technology Developed to Control Insects in Wood.” Divide the text into logical parts.
- •17. Read the advertisement. Make everybody trust the method described.
- •19. Read the article “Japanese Camera Used to Test Innovation.” Make up some 3–5 statements of your own which might be a summary to the article.
- •20. Study the suggested key answers to the previous tasks.
- •21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.
- •Permissible pressure units including the torr 1) and its conversion
- •Vocabulary Terms And Abbreviations Used In Vacuum Engineering
- •Casing n оболочка, обшивка; отливка, литье
- •Confine V удерживать
- •Deliberate adj умышленный, обдуманный
- •Develop V развивать, строить, подготавливать, совершенствовать
- •Drastic adj глубокий, интенсивный, резкий
- •Drift n наклонный ствол, отклонение
- •Neutral n нейтральный
- •Vacuum technology development
- •220013, Минск, проспект Независимости, 65.
History
The Thermionic (термоэлектронный) Valve or Vacuum Tube has a rich and interesting history steeped in lore and traditional values. It all started with the invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison. On October 21, 1879, Edison introduced the modern age of light. In his laboratory the young man tensely watched a charred cotton thread glow for 40 hours in a glass vacuum bulb. In his search for a filament that would better than cotton thread, carbonized bamboo seemed most successful. The first lights were very short lived and were prone to darken. This darkening was termed the Edison effect. It was found that this darkening was the deposition of carbon onto the glass, except in the plane of the filament; where there was little deposition. Edison noticed that, with an extra electrode connected to the positive end of the filament, a small but measurable electric current flowed between them. He termed this device an Electrical Indicator.
From there, Sir John Ambrose Fleming worked to develop the first rectifier and in 1904, while working for the Marconi Company, he was faced with the problem of detecting weak wireless signals. He was inspired by his work with Edison’s lamps back in 1889 and decided to try inserting one of the lamps in an oscillatory circuit containing a galvanometer. He had found the solution to the problem of rectifying high frequency wireless circuits.
Fleming made many adjustments to his valve over the next few years. Some of these adjustments included tungsten filaments and the addition of a shield within the tube to eliminate electrically charged bodies from affecting the valve. He special ordered several types of specially designed lamps from Edison’s factory and continued his perfection of the valve. Fleming applied for a patent on January 25, 1908. The institution of the valve was almost immediate; being employed in several electrical devices soon after the development. One of the first receivers to use the valves was the Marconi-Fleming valve receiver. This was the start of the wireless revolution.
All of this set the ball rolling and the rest is history. Many different companies and many different countries aided in the development of the vacuum tube. Germany’s Telefunken produced some of the most reliable, best sounding tubes availiable. Brittain’s Mullard manufactured one of the finest EL34s in the world. United States RCA, GE, Sylvania, and many others all had qualities to add to the vacuum tube as well. The real history and lore (профессиональные знания) are sure to lie in the origins.
Note 1: “set the ball rolling/set things in motion” = begin a planned course of action;
Note 2: Light bulbs contain a partial vacuum, usually backfilled with argon, which protects tungsten filament.
15. Read the text on magnetron carefully. Use the text for your writing practice: rewrite the words from the text, which you recognize without a dictionary; write an aspect to the text.
1. Magnetron sputtering source operation is based on sputtering of target-cathode material during working gas ion bombardment procedure. Ions of working gas are generated in abnormal glow discharge plasma. As a result of this, secondary emission maintains a discharge and causes target sputtering. Magnetron sputtering system (MSS) is one of the diode sputtering schemes.
2. The main components of MSS are cathode, anode and magnetic system. They are used for plasma localization on the surface of target-cathode. Planar magnetrons are more widely used. Target-cathode is cooled down by flowing water, delivered through the pipeline. Magnetron sputtering allows creating films of different metals, alloys and semiconductor materials without stoichiometric (стехиометрический) impurity. Oxide, nitride, carbide, sulphite films can be created depending on working atmosphere formulation (proportion of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, gaseous sulphide). There is a nice opportunity to create films of the materials, which are impossible to create using thermal evaporation method.
3. Magnetron sputtering method with direct current strength doesn’t allow to create oxide films at high sputtering speed because of drastic oxidation of target cathode. In this case, the most appropriate action will be to use RF magnetron sputtering, which realizes and opportunity to sputter dielectric materials in magnetic field without stoichiometric impurity (без нарушения стехиометрического состава).
16. Grammar Tutorials .Translate the sentences. Define the grammar structures: Complex Subject, Complex Object. Pay attention to the underlined and marked out parts of the sentences.
1. Such a combination of electric and magnetic fields allowed sputtering to be performed at lower pressures and lower voltages.
2. The term PVD seems to have been originally termed in 1966.
3. Vacuum coating is known to offer more flexibility.
4. Vacuum technology development enables new industries to be branched out every day.
5. The cavity version of magnetron proved to be far more useful.
6. Argon is sure to be used in coating tools and components.
Additional Activities: Miscellaneous
17. Translate the text into English. Use the words in brackets properly.
Напыление (sputtering) – это нанесение (deposit/apply) защитных (protect) и декоративных (decorate) покрытий распылением (spray) жидкого (liquid) или измельченного (refine) твердого (solid) вещества (substance) струей (jet) сжатого (compress) воздуха. Напыление широко применяется для лакокрасочных (lacquer-work) покрытий при металлизации (metal coating). Новая область напыления – плазменное нанесение (overlay) жаростойких (heat-resistant) металлических и неметаллических материалов на металлические изделия (article). Некоторые покрытия наносят испарением в вакууме (evaporate a metal coating in vacuum) или с помощью лазера.
18. Insert the words defining the following grammar forms, and then read the obtained text on the microwave oven.
a) integral, b) producing, c) used, d) economical, e) cooking, f) electromagnetic, g) radioactivity, h) different, i) electric, j) construction
Microwave Oven
Microwave ovens are an 1 (---) part of the modern kitchen. Microwaves cook food by 2 (---) electromagnetic waves similar to the waves 3 (---) by radios, televisions and radars. Microwaves have a number of properties that make them safe and 4 (---) for 5 (---). Both the microwaves ovens and the vacuum ovens are leak tight. (герметичный).
A microwave is a short 6 (---) wave that travels in straight lines and at the speed of light. It is a non-ionizing wave and so does not alter the atomic structure of the substance it passes through, unlike x-rays, ultraviolet rays or nuclear radiation. Microwaves, therefore, have nothing to do with 7 (---). A microwave oven consists of 8 (---) parts. The magnetron in the oven changes the 9 (---) energy into the electromagnetic or microwave energy.
Here is the 10 (---) of the microwave oven with the main constituent parts.
Match the English terms with the Russian ones
1) wave stirrer a) магнетрон
2) metal-lined door b) волновой смеситель
3) turntable с) поворотный стол
4) flexible cord d) проводник
5) plug e) гибкий шнур
6) transformer f) дверца
7) wave guide g) штекер
8) magnetron h) трансформатор
19. Remember: There are two kinds of description: A – Non-technical and B – Technical. Make the descriptions of the pictures below. The text on Vacuum-cleaner is given to you for help.
I. Home Appliances I: Microwave Ovens
DAEWOO KOR 630 A |
LG MS – 2342 A |
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