- •41. Main sources of phraseological units
- •42. Phraseology and its boundaries.
- •46. Parameters of linguistic dictionaries
- •47. Main types of dictionaries
- •48. What are the main characteristics of a learners dictionary?
- •43. Principles of classification of ph u
- •1) Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •2) Structural classification of phraseological units
- •50. Variants and dialects of contemporary English
- •45. The fundamental problems of dictionary compilation
- •49. Thesaurus
- •44. The simile
- •39. Free Wgroups as compaired to ph units. Classification of Wgroups according to their motivation.
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •38. Types of valency.
- •31. The principle semantic processes change of meaning (m)
- •1.Causes:
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •3.Nature of semantic change
- •40. Phraseological units as compared to words & sentences
- •11. The complex units of w-b: w-b cluster, row, category
- •12. The functional aspect of w-b system: productivity and activity. The main means of w-b in English
- •13. Affixation and prefixation in contemporary e.
- •Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes.
- •15) Word composition. Classification of compounds
- •17) Etymology. What makes it important for contemporary Lex. The role and place of borrowings in e
- •20) Loan translation
- •18) Causes and ways of borrowings. Criteria of b
- •16) Unpatterned means of w-building. Sound interchange
- •19) Assimilation of Borrowings. Degrees of Ass and factors determining it.
- •14) Conversion. Basi criteria of semantic derivation
- •21. Name the main periods when English experienced the influx of borrowings
- •22.Compare Scandinavian and French influence on English
- •23.Ethymological doublets
- •24. The layers of Latin borrowings in English. Their influence on the system of English w-building
- •25.The Norman conquest and its impact on English
- •26. Word mng. Approaches to defining it
- •27. Types, varieties and aspects of mng.
- •28. The fundamental features of w mng.
- •29. Polysemy, its sources. Polysemy & homonymy. Sources of homonyms. Classification of homonyms.
- •30. The main types of semantic relations between mngs.
- •36. T basic principles of grouping Ws together (см типы словарей)
- •2. Types of lex-l nomination Eng
- •35. Synchronic & diachronic approaches to variability of w m
- •34. What is a paradigm? Paradigmatic & syntgmatic approaches to t study of m.
- •33. Semantic contrasts & antonymy
- •32. Semantic equivalence & synonymy. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonyms.
- •Ideographic(denotational) stylistic(ideographic-stylistic)
- •Borrowing
- •3. The morphological structure of the w. Morphemes & allomorphs. The morphological meaning of the w.
- •4. The main principles of morphemes.
- •10. The main sources of enriching voc:
- •5. Classification of morphemes.
- •2) Semantically:
- •6. Procedure of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of ws.
- •7. The main aim, principles & methods of derivational analysis.
- •8. The main units of derivational analysis: Basic units
- •Affixes: mono-polysemantic
- •May be 3 types of d Base
- •9. Derivational patterns.
4. The main principles of morphemes.
Morpheme – smallest non-segmantable meaningful 2-facet unit of language.
All eng ws fall into 2 large classes: segmentable (those allowing of segmentation into morphemes) & non-segmentable. There are 3 types of morphemic segmentability: complete, conditional & defective
Conditional segmentability – semantically isn’t possible: de-ceive, re-ceive – segmentation is doubtful. In such ws the sound-cluster [ri-], [di-] seem to be (1)singled out quite easily due to the recurrence in a number of ws, but (2)they have nothing in common with phonetically identical morphemes re-, de-, as found in ws re-write, de-organize. Sound-clusters [ri-], [di-] posess neither lexical, nor functional meaning of their own.
The morphemes making up ws of conditional segmentability do not rise to the full status of morphemes & are called preudo-morphemes/ quasi-morphemes. They have differential & a certain distributional mg: [ri-] distinguishes retain from detain.
Complete segmentability takes place when we can easily split the w into morphemes. Morphemic structure of a segmentable w is conditioned by the fact that its constituent morphemes recur with the same mg in a number of other ws. These morphemes are called morphemes proper.
Defective morphemic segmentability – components never occur in other ws or very seldom: straw-berry, rasp-berry, cran-berry. One of the component morpheme does not recur in a different linguistic environment & is called a unique morpheme. Stream-let, leaf-let - -let has the denotational mg, but in a w “hamlet” the sound-cluster [hæm]does not occur in any other w & carries a differential & distributional mg & must be qualified as a unique morpheme.
10. The main sources of enriching voc:
1) borrowings
2) w-formation/ w-building – the main source
3) creation of new mgs (semantic extention, semantic derivation).
2 opposite processes take place: enrichment of the voc & ws die or become bookish.
(Webster dict) 6000 new ws, among them 7,5% - borrowings, the majority – derived ws. We pay much attention to w-building, as Eng L has many patterns to build new ws (^, ¬, ∩).
w-formation – branch of lex-gy which studies the derivative structure of existing ws & the patterns on which the L builds new ws.
w-formation – system of derivative types of ws & the prosess of creating new ws in the L from the material available in this L aftercertain struct & semantic patterns.
Means of w-formation:
I)major/ primary/ patterned means
1.w-derivation (словопроизводство): affixation, conversion(N→V, prep→V to in)
2.w-composition (словосложение)
II)secondary/ minor/ non-patterned
1.stress-interchange import, transport
2. sound-interchange man-men, know-knew
3.back-formation baby-sitter – to baby-sit
4.abbriviation (shortening)
5. Classification of morphemes.
Morphemes may be classified:
1) structurally: morphemes fall into 3 types:
– free morphemes – coincide with the stem/ word-form; “frienship” where “friend” is a free morph that coincides with 1 of the forms of the noun “friend”.
– semi-free can function both as an affix & as a free morph: income – come in, well-known – to know well.
– bound morph occurs only as a constituent p-of-a w. Suffixes, unique roots, preudo-roots – bound.
+ combining forms (Latin, Greek) tele-, graph-, micro-, phone-. Have a definite lex mg & peculiar stylistic reference. They are bound root-morphemes (have no p-of-sp mg typical of suffixes).
+ morph that are changing their class membership & occupy a kind of intermediate position. Posman, fisherman vs man-servant, man ≈ ^.