- •41. Main sources of phraseological units
- •42. Phraseology and its boundaries.
- •46. Parameters of linguistic dictionaries
- •47. Main types of dictionaries
- •48. What are the main characteristics of a learners dictionary?
- •43. Principles of classification of ph u
- •1) Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •2) Structural classification of phraseological units
- •50. Variants and dialects of contemporary English
- •45. The fundamental problems of dictionary compilation
- •49. Thesaurus
- •44. The simile
- •39. Free Wgroups as compaired to ph units. Classification of Wgroups according to their motivation.
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •38. Types of valency.
- •31. The principle semantic processes change of meaning (m)
- •1.Causes:
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •3.Nature of semantic change
- •40. Phraseological units as compared to words & sentences
- •11. The complex units of w-b: w-b cluster, row, category
- •12. The functional aspect of w-b system: productivity and activity. The main means of w-b in English
- •13. Affixation and prefixation in contemporary e.
- •Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes.
- •15) Word composition. Classification of compounds
- •17) Etymology. What makes it important for contemporary Lex. The role and place of borrowings in e
- •20) Loan translation
- •18) Causes and ways of borrowings. Criteria of b
- •16) Unpatterned means of w-building. Sound interchange
- •19) Assimilation of Borrowings. Degrees of Ass and factors determining it.
- •14) Conversion. Basi criteria of semantic derivation
- •21. Name the main periods when English experienced the influx of borrowings
- •22.Compare Scandinavian and French influence on English
- •23.Ethymological doublets
- •24. The layers of Latin borrowings in English. Their influence on the system of English w-building
- •25.The Norman conquest and its impact on English
- •26. Word mng. Approaches to defining it
- •27. Types, varieties and aspects of mng.
- •28. The fundamental features of w mng.
- •29. Polysemy, its sources. Polysemy & homonymy. Sources of homonyms. Classification of homonyms.
- •30. The main types of semantic relations between mngs.
- •36. T basic principles of grouping Ws together (см типы словарей)
- •2. Types of lex-l nomination Eng
- •35. Synchronic & diachronic approaches to variability of w m
- •34. What is a paradigm? Paradigmatic & syntgmatic approaches to t study of m.
- •33. Semantic contrasts & antonymy
- •32. Semantic equivalence & synonymy. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonyms.
- •Ideographic(denotational) stylistic(ideographic-stylistic)
- •Borrowing
- •3. The morphological structure of the w. Morphemes & allomorphs. The morphological meaning of the w.
- •4. The main principles of morphemes.
- •10. The main sources of enriching voc:
- •5. Classification of morphemes.
- •2) Semantically:
- •6. Procedure of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of ws.
- •7. The main aim, principles & methods of derivational analysis.
- •8. The main units of derivational analysis: Basic units
- •Affixes: mono-polysemantic
- •May be 3 types of d Base
- •9. Derivational patterns.
34. What is a paradigm? Paradigmatic & syntgmatic approaches to t study of m.
Paradigm – Relations of a W with other Ws in a subgroup in a L
Though forms change T M remains T same
He got a letter/ he obtained/He received a letter
An item in a sentence can be substituted by one or more other items that have identical part-of-speech M & similar lexical M
Closed & open sets of lexical items
Closed systems – T sets of items in which T choice is limited to a finite number of alternatives -Personal pronouns I you she he we...
Studied by grammar
Open systems –sets in which T number of alternatives is practically infinite – lexico-semantic fields, hyponymic, synonymic sets
Studied by lexicology
Syntagmatic relations – define T M T W possesses when it is used in combination with other Ws in T flow of speech (T company T W keeps)
M is discerned by T context. Linguistic (verbal) contexts 1. lexical 2. grammatical are opposed to extralinguistic (non-verbal) contexts – actual speech situation in which T W is used
рука arm/hand
He got a letter/got tired/got to London
S y n t a g m a t i c relations - horisontal paradigmatic – vertical presentation
---------------------------------------
He got a letter
I received a note
She obtained an epistle...
33. Semantic contrasts & antonymy
Antonyms – Ws dif in sound form characterized by dif types of semantic contrast of T denotational M & interchangeable at least in some contexts
Perfect or complete synonyms are rare
Kind vs cruel – completely opposed to each other
Kind vs unkind (not necessarily cruel)– there is no polarity of M as here semantic opposition is confined to simple negation
Types of Antonyms
-
contradictories – to use one of T terms is to contradict T other = + not (+admit of no possibility betw them)
dead-alive(not dead), single-married, perfect-imperfect
+ a subgroup – Ws which don’t represent absolute values –to use one of T terms is to imply comparison with some norm – ‘young’-relatively young
young-old, big-small
! one member of each pair can function as T unmarked or generic term for T common quality involved in both members : age, size the old
-
contraries – admit of possibilities (intermediate members betw them)
cold-cool-warm-hot
-
incompatibles – antonyms with T common component of M- T reverse of hyponymy
morning-afternoon-evening-night + colour terms: red-black-blue...
! red-scarlet hyponymy!!!
T negation of one member of this set doesn’t imply T semantic equivalence with T other but excludes T possibility of T other Ws of this set
Interchangeability in certain contexts is typical of antonyms as well as of synonyms
a wet short – a dry shirt
Antonyms are not necessarily interchangeable in all contexts
dry-damp-wet-moist dry air-damp air; dry lips-moist lips
32. Semantic equivalence & synonymy. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonyms.
Synonyms – Ws different in their sound-form, but similar in their denotational M or Ms & interchangeable at least in some contexts.
Synonymy is often understood as semantic equivalence. Sem Eq however may exist betw Ws, Wgroups & sentences
John is taller than Bill=Bill is shorter than John; to win a victory=to gain a victory
John sold T book to Bill=Bill bought T book from Bill
synonyms – semantic relations betw Ws only
Semantic equivalence – similar relations betw Wgroups & sentences
Synonyms are found in dif parts of speech, both among notional & function Ws
on=upon, since=as
Types of synonyms.