Урология - Tumors
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Treatment
Early urethral cancer is treated using fulguration (destruction of cancer cells using high-frequency electric current) and laser therapy (destruction of cancer cells using a narrow beam of intense light).
Treatment of advanced stages.
Removal of the bladder and urethra (cystourethrectomy)
Removal of part of the penis (partial penectomy)
Removal of the penis, urethra, and penile root (radical penectomy)
Removal of the bladder and prostate (cystoprostatectomy)
Removal of cancerous lymph nodes (lymph node dissection)
Removal of the bladder, urethra, and vagina (anterior exenteration)
Testicular cancer
Approximately 40% of GCTs are seminomas, which are classified as either typical or spermatocytic.
Nonseminomas account for 60% of GCTs and develop in younger men (usually between 15 and 35).
Choriocarcinoma (rare; aggressive; likely to metastasize)
Embryonal carcinoma (accounts for 20% of cases; likely to metastasize)
Teratoma (usually benign in children; rarely metastasize)
Yolk sac carcinoma (most common in young boys; rare in men)
Risk factors
The main risk factor for testicular cancer is undescended testicle
Congenital disorders, such as Klinefelter's syndrome, increase testicular cancer risk
Other risk factors include genetic conditions and a family history of testicular cancer
Symptoms
A mass or lump in the testicle is usually the first sign of the disease. The mass may or may not be painful. Other symptoms include testicular swelling, hardness, and a feeling of heaviness or aching in the scrotum or lower abdomen.
Diagnostics
patient history,
physical examination,
ultrasound,
CT scan,
blood tests.
Treatment
Surgery,
Radiation,
Chemotherapy
Most cases of testicular cancer can be treated successfully !
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