- •Ministry of education, science, youth and sports of ukraine state higher educational establishment uzhhorod national university faculty of romance and germanic philology
- •Shovak o.I.
- •Fundamentals of the Theory of Speech Communication
- •Uzhhorod 2012
- •Foreword
- •Lecture 1 Communication theory. Inaugural Lecture Plan
- •Self-check test
- •Reccomended Readings
- •Lecture 2 Communication. Key concepts Plan
- •1. Defining communication
- •2. Communication process
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 3 Models of communication Plan
- •Fig.5 Lasswell's model of the communication
- •1 Context
- •2 Message
- •3 Sender
- •4 Receiver
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •13.Shannon c., Weaver w. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. - Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949.
- •Lecture 4
- •Types of communication
- •2. Communications types
- •2.A.Verbal communication
- •2.B. Nonverbal communication
- •A wink is a type of gesture.
- •Imaginary steering wheel while talking about driving;
- •Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.
- •A high five is an example of communicative touch.
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •1.C. Instrumental function
- •1.E. Catharsis
- •1.F. Magic
- •1.G. Ritual Junction
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 6 forms of communication Plan
- •Negotiation lasted several days"; "they disagreed but kept an open dialogue";
- •Vulnerability. Dialogue finds participants open to being changed. We speak from a ground that is important to us, but we do not defend that ground at all costs.
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 7
- •General characteristics of the components of
- •Communicative/speech act
- •Indexical expressions;
- •4.C. Sociolinguistic competence
- •4.D. Strategic competence
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 8
- •Components of communicative act connected with the
- •Language code.
- •Discourse and discourse analysis
- •4.А. Exchanges
- •I: What's the time?
- •4.B. Conversational success
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 9 Text as a result and unit of communication Plan
- •2.A. Functional classification
- •3.A. The nature of text
- •3.B. The nature of discourse
- •Its topic, purpose, and function;
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Virtanen t. Approaches to Cognition through Text and Discourse (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs). - Mouton De Gruyter, 2004. - 350 p.
- •Communication Styles By Christopher l. Heffner
- •Self-check test
- •Lecture 11 Speech act in the structure of message (communication) Plan
- •In saying, "Watch out, the ground is slippery", Mary performs the speech act of warning Peter to be careful.
- •2.B. Indirect speech acts
- •2.C John Searie's theory of "indirect speech acts "
- •2.D. Analysis using Searle's theory
- •In order to generalize this sketch of an indirect request, Searie proposes a program for the analysis of indirect speech act performances, whatever they are. He makes the following suggestion:
- •Recommended Readings
- •12.Searle j. Speech Acts. — Cambridge University Press, 1969. — 208 p.
- •In mixed-gender groups, at public gatherings, and in many informal conversations, men spend more time talking than do women.
- •In meetings, men gain the "floor" more often, and keep the floor for longer periods of time, regardless of their status in the organisation.
- •In professional conferences, women take a less active part in responding to papers.
- •Interrupters are perceived as more successful and driving, but less socially acceptable, reliable, and companionable than the interrupted speaker.
- •In getting an appropriate balance on these three consider the following:
- •Instead of asking open-ended questions such as, "How is the project going?", ask closed questions such as "when can we expect the report of the data structures?"
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Interpersonal Communication: Evolving Interpersonal Relationships. - Hillsdale, nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - 1993.
Imaginary steering wheel while talking about driving;
an affect display is a gesture that conveys emotions, like a smile;
regulators are gestures that control interaction;
. and, finally, an adaptor is a gesture that facilitates the release of bodily tension, such as quickly moving one's leg.
2.b.2. Body landuage
Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, as research has shown, it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult." Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example, gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution. Humans send and interpret such signals subconsciously. John Borg attests that 93 percent of human communication consists of body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves. However, Albert Mehrabian, the researcher whose work is the source of these statistics, has stated that this is a misunderstanding of the findings. Others assert that research has suggested that between 60 and 70 percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior. Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication, among many other cues. The technique of "reading" people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood. Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions. Examples would include yawning (sleepyness), showing lack of interest (sexual interest/survival interest), attempts to change the topic (fight or flight drivers). Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of nonverbal communication.
Some examples of body movements