- •Ministry of education, science, youth and sports of ukraine state higher educational establishment uzhhorod national university faculty of romance and germanic philology
- •Shovak o.I.
- •Fundamentals of the Theory of Speech Communication
- •Uzhhorod 2012
- •Foreword
- •Lecture 1 Communication theory. Inaugural Lecture Plan
- •Self-check test
- •Reccomended Readings
- •Lecture 2 Communication. Key concepts Plan
- •1. Defining communication
- •2. Communication process
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 3 Models of communication Plan
- •Fig.5 Lasswell's model of the communication
- •1 Context
- •2 Message
- •3 Sender
- •4 Receiver
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •13.Shannon c., Weaver w. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. - Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949.
- •Lecture 4
- •Types of communication
- •2. Communications types
- •2.A.Verbal communication
- •2.B. Nonverbal communication
- •A wink is a type of gesture.
- •Imaginary steering wheel while talking about driving;
- •Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.
- •A high five is an example of communicative touch.
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •1.C. Instrumental function
- •1.E. Catharsis
- •1.F. Magic
- •1.G. Ritual Junction
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 6 forms of communication Plan
- •Negotiation lasted several days"; "they disagreed but kept an open dialogue";
- •Vulnerability. Dialogue finds participants open to being changed. We speak from a ground that is important to us, but we do not defend that ground at all costs.
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 7
- •General characteristics of the components of
- •Communicative/speech act
- •Indexical expressions;
- •4.C. Sociolinguistic competence
- •4.D. Strategic competence
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 8
- •Components of communicative act connected with the
- •Language code.
- •Discourse and discourse analysis
- •4.А. Exchanges
- •I: What's the time?
- •4.B. Conversational success
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 9 Text as a result and unit of communication Plan
- •2.A. Functional classification
- •3.A. The nature of text
- •3.B. The nature of discourse
- •Its topic, purpose, and function;
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Virtanen t. Approaches to Cognition through Text and Discourse (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs). - Mouton De Gruyter, 2004. - 350 p.
- •Communication Styles By Christopher l. Heffner
- •Self-check test
- •Lecture 11 Speech act in the structure of message (communication) Plan
- •In saying, "Watch out, the ground is slippery", Mary performs the speech act of warning Peter to be careful.
- •2.B. Indirect speech acts
- •2.C John Searie's theory of "indirect speech acts "
- •2.D. Analysis using Searle's theory
- •In order to generalize this sketch of an indirect request, Searie proposes a program for the analysis of indirect speech act performances, whatever they are. He makes the following suggestion:
- •Recommended Readings
- •12.Searle j. Speech Acts. — Cambridge University Press, 1969. — 208 p.
- •In mixed-gender groups, at public gatherings, and in many informal conversations, men spend more time talking than do women.
- •In meetings, men gain the "floor" more often, and keep the floor for longer periods of time, regardless of their status in the organisation.
- •In professional conferences, women take a less active part in responding to papers.
- •Interrupters are perceived as more successful and driving, but less socially acceptable, reliable, and companionable than the interrupted speaker.
- •In getting an appropriate balance on these three consider the following:
- •Instead of asking open-ended questions such as, "How is the project going?", ask closed questions such as "when can we expect the report of the data structures?"
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Interpersonal Communication: Evolving Interpersonal Relationships. - Hillsdale, nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - 1993.
Recommended Readings
Berko R. Communicating. - Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2010. - P. 9-12.
Berio D. The Process of Communication. - New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960. - 289 p.
Haynes W. Shulman B.Communication Development: Foundations, Processes, and Clinical Applications: Williams & Wilkins; 2 Subedition, 1998. - 436 p.
Hovland C., Irving L. Communication and Persuation: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. - New Haven: Yale UP, 1953 - 338 p.
Littlejohn S., Foss K. Theories of Human Communication. - California: Wadsworth, 2002. — 221 p.
Richards I. The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. - London and New York, 1928.-211 p.
Rogers C. On Personal Power: Inner Strength and Its Revolutionary Impact, 1977.-189 p.
Schramm W. How Communication Works / The process and effects of communication. - Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1954. - P. 3-26.
Lecture 3 Models of communication Plan
Models of communication.
Aristotle's model.
Lasswell's model.
The Shannon and Weaver’s model.
KJakobson model.
Schramm's model, f The Rileys' model.
Berio's model.
Katz and Lazerfeld’s model (two-step flow of communication).
Models of communication
Communication models come in a variety of forms, ranging from catchy summations to diagrams and mathematical formulas. According to McQuail and Windahl (1989): “Models simplify reality, select key elements, and indicate relationships” (p. 36). The classical communication model, which is also the oldest one was proposed by the Greek philosopher-teacher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).
Aristotle's model
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SPEAKER |
MESSAGE |
RECEIVER |
Aristotle, writing 300 years before the birth of Christ, called the study of communication "rhetoric" and spoke of three elements within the process. He provided us with this insigh
Fig. 4 Aristotelian model of communication
Aristotle speaks of a communication process composed of a speaker, a message and a listener. He points out that the person at the end of the communication process holds the key to whether or not communication takes place. It is necessary to recognize the importance of the audience at the end of the communication chain. We tend to be more concerned about ourselves as the communication source, about our message, and even the channel we are going to use. Too often, the listener, viewer, reader fails to get any consideration at all. Aristotle's words underscore the long interest in communication. They also indicate that the man has had a good grasp of what is involved in communication for a long while. So we might even wonder: If we know so much about the communication process, and if we've known it for so long, why do we still have problems with communication?
Lasswell's model
Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, developed a much quoted formulation of the main elements of communication: "Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect." This summation of the communication process has been widely quoted since the 1940s. The point in LassweU's comment is that there must be an "effect" if communication takes place. If we have communicated, we've produced an effect. It's also interesting to note that LassweU's version of the communication process mentions four parts - who, what, channel, whom. Three of the four parallel parts have been mentioned by Aristotle - speaker (who), subject (what), the person addressed (whom). Only channel has been added (Fig.5).
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SPEAKER |
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MESSAGE |
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CHANNEL |
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PERSON ADDRESSED |