27. Latin influence

The L continued to be used in England through the OE&ME periods in religious rituals,in legal documnts,in the texts of a scientific&philosophical character.The main spheres of L-church,the law courts&academic activities.

Influence of Roman occupation&introduction of christanity.Several layers of introductions:

10)west-Germ tribes brought from the continent when they came to settle Br.2)latin words could b transmitted by the Romanised Celts.

Spheres:trade(merchant-caupo,mango(L)-ceapian,mangian(OE); money:pondo-pund(pound);products :vinum-win(OE)wine,caseus-ciese(cheese);domestic life-cytel(kettle),cuppe(cup);military-vallum-weal(wall);religion:apostolus-apostol,candela-candle.

After the introducrion of Christanity many nonastic schools were set up in Br.Borrowings connected with education:school-schola(L)-schol;master(teacher:magister(L)-ma3ister.New words indicated new objects&new ideas:lily,cancer,plaster,camel,place,turn.

28. Main peculiarities of oe poetry.

The first English manuscripts dating around 700 were glossaries, some small poems. The most important of them was Beowulf. It is a heroic poem and has about 3000 lines. This poem represents the peculiarities of OE poetry rather vividly. The poem is written in the shape of a verse, consisting of 2 columns with a pause between them, called caesura [сизь’юэрэ]. Main peculiarities of OE poetry are:

1. The absence of rhyme, bur there was rhythm

2. The different amount of syllables in lines

3. The same amount of stressed syllables in each line.

4. The use of synonymic groups. Vast synonymic groups provided lexical diversity of a poetic text.

5. It has god alliteration- the repetition of the same consonants within one line. Assonance was much rarer (the repetition of the same in successive stressed syllables of the words, following one another)

6. There was a pause in the middle of the line

7. Kennings- decorative compound words or poetic word combinations, which describe an object indirectly. For example, wudu bundene (связанные доски- корабль)

29. Grimm’s law

It is known as the First consonant shift.

It became known to the public in 1882. The essence of this law is that Indo-European plosives underwent certain changes in Germanic languages.

1.Indo-European plosives p, t, k changed into voiceless fricatives f, Ө, h. (pientic – five, cardia – heart)

2.Indo-European voiced plosives b, d, g changed into Germanic voiced plosives p, t, k. (Latin: duo- Gothic: twai- English: two, Latin: ego- OE: ic(я))

3.Indo-European voiced aspirated plosives bh, dh, gh correspond to Germanic voiced plosives without aspiration. (Sanskrit: bhratar – E.brother, Sanskrit: ghosti – E: gast)

These changes were stretched for centuries before our era and received the name “the First consonant shift». Later on in West Germanic languages there appeared smaller languages (High and Low German), distinguished by the 2 consonant shift, which occurred comparatively recently, between the 6-7 centuries AD.

-P- in H.G. appears as –pf- or –ff- after vowels (pepper- pfeffer)

-T- appears as –ts,after vowels –ss- (two-zwei, water- wasser)

-D- as –t-(dance - tanzen, drink – trinken)