- •1,The Old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2. The origin of the English Language
- •3.The chronological division of the history of English
- •4. The English speaking world, varieties of English
- •12. The oe noun system & its further changes.
- •13.The oe adjectives & its further development in me
- •14.Degrees of comparison in oe. & their futher development.
- •16. Changes in vocabulary in New e.(1500-1800)
- •18. Strong Verbs.300 in oe.
- •21. The rise of the perfect forms.
- •22. The rise of the passive forms.
- •23. The oe vocabulary its etymological characteristics.
- •24. Main types of word-form In oe.
- •25. The influence of french on english
- •26. Scandinavian(900 words)
- •27. Latin influence
- •28. Main peculiarities of oe poetry.
- •29. Grimm’s law
- •30. Verner’s Law
- •31. Reduction of unstressed inflections and its impact on the grammatical structure of e.
- •32.Chaucer&his Canterbury Tales
- •33.The rise of articles
- •34.Major spelling changes in me
- •35.Th root-stem declension in oe&its survivals in Modern e.
- •36.The rise of do-forms
- •37. The rise of the future forms.
- •38. Gram. Agreement and government.
- •39. Non-finite forms & development.
- •40. Forms of negotiation in oe.
38. Gram. Agreement and government.
In OE the ties b/n words in the sentence were shown by means of government and agreement, with the help of numerous inflections. Word order was less imp. A-system of correspondences b/n 2 or more words regarding gender, number, case, person. Classes of words which had to agree with the words they modified:possessive & demonstrative pronouns, both participles,v, adj. G-sys. by which 1 word determines the case of the other. Among gov words:chiefly verbs; adj, pronouns & numerals to a lesser extent. Most v required Acc(direct odj). Functions of cases in OE: Nom-subject, predicative, direct address; Gen- possessive & partitive meaning, objective & adverbial; Dat-instrumental, locative, ablative (dative proper).
39. Non-finite forms & development.
OE: 2 non-finite forms of v: the Inf.& the Participles. Their nominal features were more pronounced than their verbal feat.
Inf had no verbal gram. categories. Being a verbal noun by origin it had a sort of reduced case- system: 2 forms which roughly corresponded to Nom&Dat cases of nouns. P-verbal adj. PI active meaning, expressed present or simultaneous process.<present tense-stem+ende> PII passive or act meaning dep. on transitivity of the v.,expressed states & qualities resulting from past act. <str v- root-vowel interchange+en/weak v- d/t+ pref ge>
The main trends of their evolution in ME & NE-gradual loss of most nominal features & growth of verbal feat. The inf lost its inflected form (Dat case). ‘To’ lost its prepositional force & changed into a formal sign of the inf. PI&PII lost their gender, case, number distinctions, but general distinctions b/n P preserved as well as syntactic feat. The fusion of the participle with the verbal noun was an import. factor of the growth of a new verbal-Gerund; played a certain role in the development of Continuous forms.
40. Forms of negotiation in oe.
One of the distinguished features of OE syntax was multiple negation within a sentence or clause. Most common negation particle was ne, placed before verb, it was often accompanied by other negative words(naht=noht developed into not in ME), which emphasized the meaning of negation. Another feature-ne could be attached to some v( beon, willan, witan), pronouns, adv to form single words(nis-ne+is). Ne gradually fell out of usage.