- •1,The Old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2. The origin of the English Language
- •3.The chronological division of the history of English
- •4. The English speaking world, varieties of English
- •12. The oe noun system & its further changes.
- •13.The oe adjectives & its further development in me
- •14.Degrees of comparison in oe. & their futher development.
- •16. Changes in vocabulary in New e.(1500-1800)
- •18. Strong Verbs.300 in oe.
- •21. The rise of the perfect forms.
- •22. The rise of the passive forms.
- •23. The oe vocabulary its etymological characteristics.
- •24. Main types of word-form In oe.
- •25. The influence of french on english
- •26. Scandinavian(900 words)
- •27. Latin influence
- •28. Main peculiarities of oe poetry.
- •29. Grimm’s law
- •30. Verner’s Law
- •31. Reduction of unstressed inflections and its impact on the grammatical structure of e.
- •32.Chaucer&his Canterbury Tales
- •33.The rise of articles
- •34.Major spelling changes in me
- •35.Th root-stem declension in oe&its survivals in Modern e.
- •36.The rise of do-forms
- •37. The rise of the future forms.
- •38. Gram. Agreement and government.
- •39. Non-finite forms & development.
- •40. Forms of negotiation in oe.
16. Changes in vocabulary in New e.(1500-1800)
There is no consensus about the beginning of the period of NE. Some consider say around 1400/1500, others-around 1500, to mark its beginning. But many consider the advent of the printing revolution as a determining factor.Printing played a major role in forming the norms of spelling & pronunciation,in providing more opportunities for people to write.As a result, more books were published,providing reliable evidence of the development of the language.Also in the 16th cent, scholars began seriously to talk about their language, making observations of grammar,vocabulary& style.
The period of “Renaissance”(middle of the 15th cent.until around 1650) characterized by a interest in the classical languages& literatures,development in sciences & arts.Also It includes important scientific discoveries,exploration of Africa, Asia & the Americas. All these factors had a major impact on the English,especially on its vocabulary.Writers began to borrow words from other European languages to express new concepts & techniques.Furthermore, thousands of Latin & Greek words came in fields such as medicine & theology.
The influx of foreign vocabulary attracted bitter criticism from purists, who opposed the new terms bcs they interfered the development of native English vocabulary.Some attempted to revive little known words from English dialects;they also wanted to bring the new learning within the reach of the English public, soon as to make the Engl. fit not only for the street but also for the library. However, their efforts were not enough to stem the influx of new words. In fact, the increase in foreign borrowings is the most distinctive feature of the Renaissance for English.
It is generally agreed that the 2 most important influences on the development of the engl.language during the last decades of the Renaissance are the works of W.Shakespeare(1564-1616) & the King James Bible of 1611.The Shakespearean impact on English was primarily in the area of the lexicon, because his poems & plays introduced or popularized thousands of new words in the language. The King James Bible was appointed to be read in churches throughout the kingdom. Its influence on the population & on the language as a whole was therefore far-reaching.
The period between 1530 & the Restoration in 1660 it was the fastest lexical growth in the history of language. In addition to massive borrowing, there were also a great many semantic changes, as old words acquired new meanings. By the end of the 17th cent., many critics felt that engl.was changing too rapidly & randomly.
17. OE verb was a highly inflected part of speech.V were finite&nonfinite All its gram categories were expressed with the help of inflections. All the forms of the verb were synthetic as analytical forms were only beginning to appear. Gram categories:
-Tense (present, past)
-Mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
-Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
-Number (sing, pl)
The verb-predicate agreed with the subject of the sentence in 2 gram categories: number and person. Person distinctions were neutralized in many positions. Person was consistently shown only in Present tense of the indicative mood sing.
Morphological types:
-Strong(300) – 7 classes (now irregular verbs)
-Weak(900) – 3 classes with different stem-suffixes (now regular)
-Preterit-present(12) (now modals)
-Anomalous(4) (beon-to be, gan-to go, don-to do, willan-will) – changed gram forms by changing roots (suppletive form buildig)